托福综合写作讲义

TOEFLiBTIntegratedWritingByJoe考什么•1.notetaking•2.summarizing•3.paraphrasingReading&Lecture1.1L完全反对R中的结论、观点；1.2L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等；2.延续1.驳斥2.1L支持R结论、观点；2.2L解释R中的原因、结果等；Reading读什么•Meanidea•ExplanationLecture听什么•Meanidea•Explanation•Detail&ExamplesThemorespecific,thebetterThestructureofBODY1.一一对应、逐个反驳2.正反结构、简单明了A.结构1.一一对应、逐个反驳•Paragraph1:•Althoughthereadingprovidesafewexamplesofaltruisticbehaviornaturallyfoundinbothhumanandmeerkats,thelectureeasilyrefutestheclaimsofthereadingwiththehelpofsomescientificresearch.1.一一对应、逐个反驳•Paragraph2:•Thereadingfirstclaimsthat…•Theauthorbelievesthat…aswell.•Inaddition,thereadingsupport…1.一一对应、逐个反驳•Paragraph3:•Onthecontrary,thelecturerefutesbycitingseveralkeyscientificfindings.Firstly…•Besides…•Furthermore/finally…ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ReadingListening2.正反结构、简单明了•Paragraph2:•Thereadingfirstclaimsthat…However,thelecturerefutesbycitingthescientificfindingthat…2.正反结构、简单明了•Paragraph3:•Inaddition,thelecturerargueagainstthereadingpassage’ssecondpointbysayingthat…2.正反结构、简单明了•Paragraph4:•Thereadingclaimsthat…aswell.Again,thistheoryisrefutedbytheprofessorinthelecturebypointingoutthat…ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ReadingListening1.讲话人Lecturer,speaker,professor2.文章作者Writer,authorB.语言陈述、认为State/indicate/believe/suggest/discuss/talkabout/present/makethepointthat/say/demonstrate/illustrate/pointout/investigate/claim/maintain/B.语言驳斥、反对•refute,disagreewith,castdoubton,challenge,oppose,conflictwith,denythestatementof,contradict,differfrom,incontrastB.语言支持•support,enhance,uphold,justify,strengthen/assert/sustain/B.语言转折对比•动词类：refute\challenge\doubt\deny\rebut\counter\castdoubton\contradict\oppose\objectto\disagreewith\disapproveof•形容词短语类：becontradictory\conflicting\opposing\contrary\oppositeto\differentfrom•副词短语类：incontrast\conversely\however\actually\infact\indeed•连词类：while\whereasB.语言举例：forexampleasanexampleforinstanceAisanexampleofBthatis/namelyTogiveaspecificexampleB.语言提示观点，递进：inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis...thatbringsusto...whatIwanttotalkaboutisthat...B.语言提示观点，递进：inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis...thatbringsusto...whatIwanttotalkaboutisthat...B.语言研究调查：(further/closer/other)studies/researches发明发现：(new)finding/discovery其他解释：alternativeexplanation/theory反方证据：counter-example/evidence质疑驳斥：challenge/objection/refutation断言声称：allegation/claim/assertion控诉反驳：charge/objection/refutation评论解释：remark/comment错误缺陷：fault/weakness/mistake/errorB.语言结论：allinallTosumup/insummaryinconclusioninconsequence/consequentlyInanutshelltherefore/henceB.语言•Firstparagraph:C.段落Inthelecture,theprofessormakesseveralpointsabout___.Thelecturerarguesthat__.Thepointsmadebytheprofessoragree/disagreewith/contradictthereadingpassage.Inthereadingpassage,theauthorclaimsthat____.However,thefollowinglisteningmaterialentirelychallengedthestatementmadebythewriter.Thespeakercontendsthat___.OR•Inthelecture,theprofessorarguesthat________.However,thereadingpassagecontendsthat________.Theprofessor’slecturecastsdoubton/advocatesthereadingpassagebyusingnumberofpointsandexample.•Body:C.段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat…/Theauthorstatesthat…However/but/yet/incontrast/onthecontrarythelecture/speakerargues/pointsoutthat…Accordingtotheprofessorinthelecture…/Thespeakerarguesthat…Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because…/Whichrefutes/castsdoubtonthepointthat…inthereadingContraryto/differentfrom…thestatement/pointinthereadingthat…Thelecture/speakerinthelisteningstates/argues/holdsthat…•Body:C.段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat…/Theauthorstatesthat…However/but/yet/incontrast/onthecontrarythelecture/speakerargues/pointsoutthat…Accordingtotheprofessorinthelecture…/Thespeakerarguesthat…Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because…/Whichrefutes/castsdoubtonthepointthat…inthereadingContraryto/differentfrom…thestatement/pointinthereadingthat…Thelecture/speakerinthelisteningstates/argues/holdsthat…•Body:C.段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat…/Theauthorstatesthat…However/but/yet/incontrast/onthecontrarythelecture/speakerargues/pointsoutthat…Accordingtotheprofessorinthelecture…/Thespeakerarguesthat…Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because…/Whichrefutes/castsdoubtonthepointthat…inthereadingContraryto/differentfrom…thestatement/pointinthereadingthat…Thelecture/speakerinthelisteningstates/argues/holdsthat…•Conclusion:C.段落Inretrospect,allthethreeevidenceofthelectureillustratethatthespeakeragrees/disagreeswiththepointsmentionedinthereadingmaterials.Inconclusion,basedonthediscussionsdemonstratedabove,wecanclearlyseethatthepointmadeinthelecturedifferfromthosemadeinthereading.Attention！•一般现在时+一般过去时•1.时态•2.Paraphrase•不要照抄原文•2.LectureVSReading•L＞R