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专四常考语法结构虚拟语气一、虚拟语气的规则用法：三种基本形式•1主、从句都表示与过去事实相反：从句的谓语动词用：had+动词过去分词；主句的谓语动词用：情态动词+have+动词过去分词。注意：能用于虚拟语气的情态动词只有四个：should,could,would,might.使用哪一个情态动词要由句子含义决定，考试中出现最多的是could,would.•2主、从句都表示与现在事实相反：从句的谓语动词用：动词过去式（如果是be则只能用were）主句的谓语动词用：情态动词+动词原形。3主、从句都表示与将来事实相反：从句的谓语动词用：wereto+动词原形（重点）、should+动词原形、动词过去式；主句的谓语动词用：情态动词+动词原形。从句主句与过去事实相反Had+过去分词Should(第一人称)/would(其它人称)+have+过去分词与现在事实相反一般过去时（be用were）Would/should/could/might+动词原形与将来事实相反过去时或wereto/should+动词原形Would/should/could/might+动词原形二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：•1wouldrather+that，这时句子谓语动词用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。•Iwouldratheryoutoldherthetruth.•I’dratheryoucametomorrow.•2ifonly如果，要是...就好了，ifonly+that，这时句子一定要用虚拟语气。有两种形式可以体现虚拟语气：•a.如果该句子表示与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时或woulddo。b.如果该句子表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。•LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyI__youradvice.AfollowBhadfollowedCwouldfollowDhavefollowedBIfonlythecommittee__theregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossibleAapproveBwillapproveCcanapproveDwouldapproveD注意：当ifonly后的句子表示与现在或将来事实相反，该用动词过去式来表示虚拟语气，而选项中又没有时，可以采用这种形式：would+动词原形。•Note:onlyif表示“只有”；ifonly则表示“如果……就好了”。Ifonly也可用于陈述语气,表示“但愿”。Iwakeuponlyifthealarmclockrings.•只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。•Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung.•当时闹钟响了，就好了。•Ifonlyhecomesearly.•但愿他早点回来。•3当以下动词后加句子时，句子应用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词的形式是：（should）+动词原形。•a.表示建议、提议的：suggest,advise,propose,recommend,move.[move只有在表达在会议上提出提议时后面加虚拟语气]b.表示要求的：ask,demand,require,request,desire.c.表示指挥、命令的：order,command,direct.d.表示坚持，坚持认为的：insist.•Iinsistthatwe_______(go)therebybus.•Hesusggestedthatwe_________(leave)early.•Thejudgeorderedthattheprisoner________(be)sentencedto30daysinjail.•4itis+第三点中动词的过去分词+that引导的从句。这样的结构中从句谓语动词形式为：（should）+动词原形。以下几个形容词置于该结构中时也要用相同的形式来体现虚拟语气：important,necessary,essential,obligatory（有义务的，强制性的，必须的）,anxious,crucial,improper,impossible,natural,urgent,vital,willing。•Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatradios__after11o'clockatnight.Awerenotplayed•Bnottoplay•Cnotbeplayed•Ddidnotplay•C•Itisimportantthatwe________(speak)politely.•Itisimperativethatwe_________(practice)criticismandself-criticism.•5第三点中动词相应的名词形式+that引导从句，该从句同样要用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式为：（should）+动词原形。经常用于这种结构的词有：suggestion,advice,proposal,recommendation,motion.•Mysuggestionisthatweshouldtellhim.•Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible6以下一些表达方式所在的句子一定要用虚拟语气。•or(表示否则),otherwise（否则;要不然）,unless,butfor(若不是，若非),当遇到含有以上四个表达方式的句子时，先要判断该句是表示与现在、过去、还是将来事实相反，然后依照相应的虚拟语气规则用法的形式来确定句子结构。含有下面三个表达方式的句子体现虚拟语气的形式是固定的：lest(以免，防备),forfearthat(惟恐),onconditionthat(在..条件下)•它们后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+动词原形。•Thestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.•Iusedmycaculator;otherwiseI’dhavetakenmuchlonger.•SupposingIacceptedthisoffer,whatwouldyousay?•Withoutyourtimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.7itis(high)time是...的时候了。•这个结构有以下两种变形形式，所用虚拟语气形式都一样：itishightime/itisabouttime.这三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词都用一般过去时或用should加动词原形来体现虚拟语气,但should不可省略。Itistimethatthechildrenwenttobed.Itishightimethatthechildrenshouldgotobed.8注意以下两种情况下should+动词原形中should不能省略。•这里should表示一种语气，经常被翻译成“竟然”。a.四个动词：think,believe,expect,suspect.它们的否定或者疑问形式后面加句子，句子谓语动词用：should+动词原形，should不能省略。Idon'tbelievethatheshouldbecheated.•我不相信他也会被骗。•b.itisapity,itisashame真遗憾，itisstrange真怪以上三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词用：should+动词原形，should不能省略。9.Iwish+that•1)用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：真实状况wish后从句动作先于主句动词动作现在时过去时（be的过去式为were）从句动作与主句动作同时发生过去时过去完成时（had+过去分词）将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could+动词原形•IwishIwereastallasyou.我希望和你一样高。Hewishedhehadn’tsaidthat.他希望他没讲那样的话。Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。•2）Wishtodo表达法。Wishsb/sthtodoIwishtoseethemanager.=Iwanttoseethemanager.Iwishthemanagertobeinformedatonce.(=Iwantthemanagertobeinformedatonce.)错综时态的虚拟语气•错综时态的虚拟语气即指主句和从句在表达是与什么时态的事实相反上并不一致（比如主句要表达与现在事实相反而从句要表达与过去事实相反），这种情况要采用“对号入座”的方法来处理，即主从句结构分别采用与其表达时态对应的结构。Eg.•Ifyouhadaskedhimyesterday,youwouldknowwhattodonow.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）Ifithadrainedlastnight(过去),itwouldbeverycoldtoday(现在).•1.IfIhadn’tstoodundertheladdertocatchyouwhenyoufell,you__now.Awouldn'tbesmiling•Bcouldn'thavesmiled•Cwon'tsmile•Ddidn'tsmile•A•2.Ifyouhadstudiedtheproblemcarefullyyesterday,__.Ayouwon’tfindanydifficultynowByouwouldnothavefoundanydifficultynowCyouwouldnotfindanydifficultynowDyouhavenotfoundanydifficultynowC•3.Hewouldbestudyingattheuniversitynowifhe__theentranceexamination.ApassedBhavepassed•Chadpassed•Dshouldhavepassed•C•4.Itisashamethathe__thatpoorlittlegirl!Adeceived•Bshoulddeceive•Cdeceive•Ddeceiving•B•18.Mrs.Blisskeptthedoorandthewindowsshutlestthenoiseoutside__herson'ssleep.•AwouldinterferewithBhadinterferedwithCinterferedwithDshouldinterferewithD[lest(以免，防备)后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+动词原形]虚拟条件句的倒装•虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were,should,或had,可将if省略，再把were,should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.=•Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.•Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim=•Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.•注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词’be’的过去时态一律用were，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.如果我是你，就会去找他。Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题•_____todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.A.IfwereIB.Iwere•C.WereID.WasI•答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should,had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前,变成were,shoul