中级英语导游 Unit Eight Architecture

UnitEightArchitectureTextAEvolutionofChineseArchitectureNewwords•Timber;ascribe;demigod;purlin;chisel;prototype•Caste;aristocrat;porch;advent;plaster;flaunt;terracotta;overhang;earthquake-resistant;quakeproof;polygonal;lattice;palatial;gutter;•Multitude;multi-eaved;ornamental;relegate;adjunct;superstructure;opulent;extravagance;•Gild;inlay;podium;grotesque;rockery;marblebracket;mortisesandtenons;humansacrifice;Architecture•AncientChinesearchitectureenjoyedalonghistoryandgreatachievements,andcreatedmanyarchitecturalmiraclessuchastheGreatWall.Intheprocessofitsdevelopment,superiorarchitecturaltechniquesandartisticdesignwerecombinedtomakeuniqueChinesearchitecturebeoneofthethreegreatestarchitecturalsystems.Architecture•AncientChinesearchitecturefeaturesuniquetimberframeworkthatclearlyidentifiessupportingstructureandboundingstructure.TimberframeworkdecidesthatcolouristhemainornamentusedonancientChinesearchitecture.Atthebeginning,paintwasusedonwoodforantisepsis[7Anti5sepsis]防腐,whilelaterpaintingbecameanarchitecturalornament.Architecture•Infeudalsociety,theuseofcolourwasrestrictedaccordingtostrictsocialstatusclassification.Sinceyellowwasdeemednoblestcolourandgreenthesecond,theywereoftenappliedonpalacepainting,whichwascalledHexicaihua(akindofChinesecolourpainting)inChinese.Architecture•ThesophisticationofancientChineseArchitecturegivesitaspecialplaceinthearchitectureoftheworld.Therearemagnificentimperialpalaces,solemnandbreathtakingimperialtombs,mysterioussacrificialandancestralaltarsandtemplesaswellasavarietyofordinarydwellingsofnaturalsimplicity.Religiousbuildingsaredottedaboutthecountry,withariotous[5raiEtEs]狂欢的ofBuddhist,TaoistandIslamictemplesormosques.Ontopofallthis,citywallsandfortifications,civicbuildingsformiscellaneous[misi5leinjEs,-niEs]purposesarerichinvarietyandformimpressivelandmarks.Loftyterracesandmagnificentpalaces•dragonsorphoenixes•Usually,dragonsorphoenixeswerepaintedonagreenbackgroundwithmassedgoldpowderorfoil.Thisstyleofpaintingwouldgivethestructureaclear-cutandamagnificentnobleimageunderthebackgroundofawhitegranitebasement.Inauniqueway,suchsharpcolourcontrastsachieveartisticeffects.LoftyterracesandmagnificentpalacesLoftyterracesandmagnificentpalacesReligion’sbuildingsThesereligiousconstructionsconsistmainlyoftemplesofBuddhism,Lamaism,Islamism[5izlEmizm,andTaoism.Theydifferinlayoutsofbuildings,waysofgroupings,systemsofcolouredpaintingsandthemesofengravings,accordingtothedifferentreligiousdoctrinesandrequirementsofusages.Theyarealsodifferentfromotherkindsofstructures.PortraitsofBuddhas,murals,engravedtablets,calligraphy,Buddhistutensils,furnishings,andBuddhistscripturesarecarefullykeptinthoseconstructions.Theyareimportantculturalrelicsorarttreasuresofhighvalue.Thepeople'sgovernmenthaspaidmuchattentiontoreligiousarchitecture.AfterthefoundingofNewChina,aspecialorganizationwassetuptoprotectandrenovateculturalrelicsandhistoricalsites.In1961,RegulationsRegardingthePretectionofNationalKeyCulturalRelicunitsandputunderappropriateprotection.Inrecentyears,tofacilitatereligiousactivities,specialfundshavebeenallocatedbythegovernmentandmanytemplerepaired.SometemplesinBeijinghavebeenopenedastouristsites.TemplesTemplesTemplesTemplesTemplesGrottosMausoleumArchitectureMausoleumarchitectureaccountsforamajorpartinancientChinesearchitecture.ThegenerallayoutoftheMingandQingmausoleumsareroughlythesame.Theyarebuiltagainstthemountainanddividedbyvalleysalongwhichwallsareerected.Astonemonumentstandsinfrontofthedeceased[dI5si:st]已故的emperor,ornamentalcolumnsandstonefiguresofmenandanimalsarearrangedonbothsidesoftheSacredWayinsidethegate.Astonebridgeproceedstheroadsleadingtoseparatetombs.Ineachtombarea,thereareanumberofconstructions,includingtheDragonandPhoenixGate,atablet,theGateofEminentFavour,theHallofEminentFavour,thesidehalls,theSoulTower,thegravemoundandsubterranean[sQbtE5reInIEn]地下的constructionswiththeundergroundpalaceasthemainpart.MausoleumsoftheMingDynasty(1368-1644)aremagnificent,whilethoseoftheQingDynastyarecarefullybuilt.TombsTombsTombsTombsGardenArchitectureGardenarchitectureisanimportantpartofancientarchitectureinBeijing.Beginninginthe11thcentury,theLiaoDynastyemperorshadtheirtemporarypalacesbuiltaroundtheWesternHills.Bytheendofthe12thcentury,theJinDynastyemperorsbegantodevelopthescenicspotoftheFragrantHills,whichbecameafavouriteresortforthelateremperors.IntheYuanDynasty(1271-1368).BeihaiPark,andWanshoushan(LongevityHill)presentlyQionghuaIsletinBeihaiParkweresetasimperialgarden.IntheMingDynasty(1368-1644),GardenofMarvelousHillwasbuiltonthepresentsiteoftheSummerPalace.TheclassicalgardensthathavebeenpreservedweremostlybuiltduringtheQingDynasty(1644-1911).ExamplesofthesearetheImperialGarden,EmperorQianlong'sGardenintheForbiddenCity,StudioofMentalTranquility,andthosescatteredaroundthenorthwesternsuburbsincludingChangchunyuan(situatedinthepresent-dayBeijingUniversity),Yuanmingyuan,Jingmingyuan,Jingyiyuan,andQingyiyuan.GardensGardensGardensGardensGardensBridgesBridgesBridgesStoreyedPavilion(Ge)•TheChinesegeissimilart