模拟驾驶2011单机游戏经验技巧分享..

[e-mail]龙与地下城Chapter2:AdministrativeSubjectandAdministrativeCounterpart•DefinitionofAdministrativeSubjects•AdministrativeOrgans•OtherOrgansofExecutionofAdministrativeFunctionsandPowers•NationalPublicServants•AdministrativeCounterparts2.1DefinitionofAdministrativeSubjects•2.1.1Definition•Theyaretheadministrativeorgansortheorganizationsauthorizedbylawsorregulationsthatintheirownnameexerciseadministrativefunctionsandpowersandconductadministrativeactsthatinfluencethecounterpart’srightsandobligations,andatthesametime,theyarealsocapableofexternallybearinglegalresponsibilitiesbythemselvesandrespondingtoprosecutionsasthedefendants.•2.1.1Relatedconcepts•2.1.1.1Administrativesubjectandadministrativeorgans•Administrativeorgansareonetypeofadministrativesubjects.Besidesadministrativeorgans,administrativesubjectsincludeorganizationsauthorizedbythelaw.•2.1.1.2Administrativesubjectandnationalpublicservant•Nationalpublicservantsaretherepresentativesofadministrativesubjects.Thefunctionsandpowersofadministrativesubjectsarenormallyexercisedthroughnationalpublicservants.•Butnationalpublicservantsarenotadministrativesubjects:allconsequencesofadministrativeactsthatareconductedbynationalpublicservantsareascribedtoadministrativesubjectsanditisadministrativesubjectsthatshallexternallytakethelegalresponsibility.2.2AdministrativeOrgans•2.2.1Definition•Administrativeorgansarethestateorgansthataresetinaccordancewiththeconstitutionoradministrativeorganiclawstoexercisestateadministrativefunctions.•2.2.2Features•2.2.2.1Administrativeorgansexercisestateadministrativepowersandadministratestateadministrativeaffairs•2.2.2.2Subordination-theorganicsystemofleadership–isapplied–Theexecutionofadministrativefunctionsbyadministrativeorgansspeciallydemandsofrapidityandefficiencysotheorganicsystemofleadership-subordination(主从制)isapplied.Inthissystem,administrativeorgansatthenexthigherleveldirectlysubordinateadministrativeorgansatthenextlowerlevel,andthelatteraresubjecttoandresponsiblefortheformerandshallreporttotheformer.–Thatfeatureisexclusivetobothstateorgansofpowerandstatejudicialorgans.–Superiorstateorgansofpowerdonotexerciseleadershiptosubordinatestateorgansofpowerandshallnotissueorderstothem.Forlocalregulationsandresolutionsmadebysubordinatestateorgansofpowercontravenetheconstitution,thelawandadministrativeregulations,superiorstateorgansofpowermayonlyrescindthemthroughlegalprocedures.–Thesametosuperiorpeople’scourts.•2.2.2.3Theleadingcadres’responsibilitysystemisappliedindecision-making–Administrativeorgansdirectlyenforceadministrationoncitizens,soclearjurisdiction(权限)andexplicitresponsibilityarerequired.–Collegial(共同掌权制)systemisadoptedintheexecutionoffunctionbystateorgansofpowerandstatejudicialorgans.•2.2.2.4Theexecutionoffunctionsbyadministrativeorgansisusuallyvoluntary,regularanduninterrupted•2.2.2.5Administrativeorgansmostfrequently,mostdirectlyandmostwidelycontactwiththeindividualsandorganizations•2.2.3Classification•Inthelightofjurisdictionofthepower,administrativeorganscanbedividedintocentraladministrativeorgansandlocaladministrativeorgans•1)Centraladministrativeorgans–IncludetheStateCouncil,MinistriesandCommissionsundertheStateCouncil,OrganizationsdirectlyundertheStateCouncilandWorkingBodyoftheStateCouncil.–TheStateCouncil,asthecentralpeople’sgovernment,istheexecutivebodyofthehighestorganofpower.CreatedbytheNationalPeople’sCongress,theStateCouncilisresponsibleforitandissupervisedbyitandbyitsstandingcommittee.–TheStateCouncilisconsistedofthePremier,thevice-Premiers,theStatecouncilors,theMinisters,theAuditor-GeneralandtheSecretary-General.ThePremierassumesoverallresponsibilityfortheworkofit.•JobdepartmentsintheStateCouncil:–MinistryofForeignAffairs–MinistryofNationalDefense–MinistryofCulture–MinistryofPublicSecurity–MinistryofCivilAffairs–NationalDevelopmentandReformCommission–……–Atpresent,28ministries,commissions,bankandofficesarelistedintotheworkingdepartmentsoftheStateCouncil.•2)Localadministrativeorgans•Includelocalpeople’sgovernmentsatdifferentlevelsandtheworkingdepartmentthereof.•Dividedintothreelevels:–people’sgovernmentsoftheprovinces,theautonomousregionsandmunicipalityunderthecentralauthority;–people’sgovernmentsofcounties,autonomouscountiesandcitiesatthelevelofcounties;–people’sgovernmentsoftownships,nationalitytownships,andtowns.Q:Inthefollowingorgans,whichareadministrativeorgans?•1、武汉市人大常委会•2、武汉市地税局•3、武汉市洪山区喻家山派出所•4、华中科技大学学术委员会•5、中共武汉市委员会•6、武汉市中级人民法院•7、武汉市政协•8、武汉市洪山区街道办事处•9、武汉市总工会•10、武汉市青山区和平乡政府•11、武汉市青山区和平级大桥村村委会•国务院办事机构是协助总理办理专门事项的机构，不具有独立的行政管理职能，如国务院外事办公室、国务院侨务办公室、国务院港澳事务办公室、国务院法制办公室、国务院研究室等。•国务院议事协调机构承担跨国务院行政机构的重要业务的组织协调任务，在特殊或紧急情况下，经国务院同意，可以规定临时性的行政管理措施，如国家国防动员委员会、全国爱国卫生运动委员会等。•国务院还有两个派出机构：中央人民政府驻香港特别行政区联络办公室、中央人民政府驻澳门特别行政区联络办公室。•我国法律规定，县级以上地方人民政府经有权机关批准，可以设立派出机关，在一定区域内行使行政管理权、以自己的名义实施行政行为和独立承担行政责任，它们也是行政法主体意义上的行政机关，如行政公署(省、自治区人民政府经国务院批准设立)、区公所(县人民政府经省级人民政府批准设立)、街道办事处(市辖区、不设区的市的人民政府经上一级人民政府批准设立)。•各级人民政府及其工作部门可以依法设立下属的行政组织。人民政府设立的下属机构称为派出机关(branchorgan)，而人民