TheprofessionalEnglishofpharmaceuticalengineeringWangXinliangEastChinauniversityofscienceandtechnology05.03.2012Wordsattritionrateindicationsnewchemicalentitiesdifferentiationformularytoxicitytoxicologydossierdosageformsynergismantagonismgenotoxicologycarcinogenicityabnormalitypharmacypharmacognosypharmacodynamicspharmacokineticspharmacotherapeutics淘汰率n.适应症新化学实体(新化合物)n.区别;变异n.公式集;处方集n.毒性n.毒物学;毒理学n.档案,卷宗;病历表册剂型;药物剂型n.协调作用n.拮抗作用(反协调作用)n.基因毒理学n.致癌性;致癌毒性n.异常;畸形n.药剂学;制药业n.生药学n.药效学n.药物(代谢)动力学n.[临床]药物治疗学1.引言药品开发是一个非常复杂的过程,需要在广泛的不同功能性团队之间进行大量的协调和沟通。这个过程是昂贵的,特别是在临床开发的后期阶段,其中涉及到对数百名病人的研究。据目前的估计,一个新药的开发成本约2.3亿美元(1987年的美元),并且从起动临床前的开发阶段到首次上市(不包括监管延迟),需要花费7-10年。1.IntroductionDrugDevelopmentisaverycomplexprocessrequiringagreatdealofcoordinationandcommunicationbetweenawiderangeofdifferentfunctionalgroups.Itisexpensive,particularlyinthelaterphasesofclinicaldevelopment,wherestudiesinvolvehundredsofpatients.Itiscurrentlyestimatedthatthedevelopmentofanewdrugcostsabout$230million(1987dollars)andtakessomewherebetween7and10yearsfrominitiationofpreclinicaldevelopmenttofirstmarketing(excludingregulatorydelays).Unit5DrugsDevelopment(I)药物开发是一项高风险业务,虽然(淘汰)比率不断上升,在完成了首次人体研究的每十个新化学实体中,大约只有一个会成为产品。随着候选药物开发的进行,失败的风险在前进的道路上,会象跨栏似的降低。失败的典型原因包括:不可接受的毒性,缺乏功效,或不比竞争产品有优势(图1)。Drugdevelopmentisahigh-riskbusiness;althoughtherateisincreasing,onlyaboutONEoutofeveryTENnewchemicalentitiesstudiedinhumanbeingsforthefirsttimewilleverbecomeaproduct.Asadrugcandidateprogressesthroughdevelopmenttherisksoffailuredecreaseas‘hurdles’areovercomealongtheway.Typicalreasonsforfailureincludeunacceptabletoxicity,lackofefficacy,orinabilitytoprovideadvantagesovercompetitiveproducts(Fig.1).图1.淘汰率和终止的原因AttritionRateofNewChemicalEntities(NCE‘s)enteringdevelopment.OnaverageonlyaboutIin400~1000compounds.进入开发阶段的新化学实体(NCE’S)的淘汰率。平均每400~1000个所合成的化合物只有1个能进入开发过程。(不包括抗感染药)NCE’S开发终止的原因:1:缺乏疗效2:药代动力学3:动物毒性4:其他因素5:对人的不良影响6:商业上的原因ReasonsforterminationofdevelopmentofNCE’s(excludinganti-infectives)1:Lackofefficacy2:Pharmacokinetics3:Animaltoxicity4:Miscellaneous5:Adverseeffectsinman6:Commercialreasons2.开发的规划对候选药物是否有可能提供有竞争力的优势方面的评估,首先强调的需要是达到一整套的产品目标或目标产品的特性。应当特别注意竞争者(指药物)之间的差异。随着对有限的处方、医疗保健费用以及药物经济学(本章稍后讨论)的日益关注(强调),这种情况变得越来越重要。2.PlanningfordevelopmentAssessmentofwhetheradrugcandidateislikelytoprovidecompetitiveadvantageshighlightstheneedfirsttohaveinplaceasetofproduct‘goals’ortargetproductprofile.Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothedifferentiationfromcompetitors.Thisisbecomingmoreandmorecriticalwiththeincreasingemphasisonlimitedformularies,healthcarecosts,andpharmacoeconomics(discussedlaterinthechapter).包括诸如每日一次给药、更快的起效作用、比主要竞争者具有更低副作用的特性等目标在内,(药物开发的)目的特性将定义候选药物将被开发的(疾病)适应症。随着候选药物的开发阶段的进展,以及候选药物或竞争药物的新数据的获得,(药物开发的)目的特性可以再定义或修正。合乎逻辑的下一个步骤就是明确开发战略,例如,哪个(疾病)适应症要优先开发,以哪些国家作为药物的目标市场,然后确定能获得监管机构的批准和商业成功的必要核心临床研究(内容)。Atargetprofilewilldefinetheindication(s)thatadrugcandidatewillbedevelopedfor,alongwithgoalssuchasonceadaydosing,fasteronsetofaction,bettersideeffectprofilethanamajorcompetitor.Thetargetprofilecanberefinedandrevisedasadrugcandidatemovesthroughdevelopmentandnewdataonthedrugcandidateorcompetitorsbecomeavailable.Thelogicalnextstepsaretodefinethedevelopmentstrategy,forexample,whichindicationstodevelopfirst,whichcountriestoaimtomarketthedruginandthentodefinethecoreclinicalstudiesnecessarytoachieveregulatoryapprovalandcommercialsuccess.本章将描述一个新药成功开发过程所需的主要活动。所有这些活动,其中许多是相互依存的,需要认真规划和协调。与高质量数据的收集打交道的速度是成功的关键。确定需要测定花费时间来获得登记的活动的步骤,以项目管理术语而言,被称为关键步骤。在研究开始之前,计划和准备、并监控和管理问题以确保关键步骤如期进行,这是非常重要。Thischapterwilldescribethemainactivitiesrequiredforsuccessfuldevelopmentofanewdrug.Alltheseactivities,manyofwhichareinterdependent,needtobecarefullyplannedandco-ordinate.Speedtomarketwithcollectionofhighqualitydataiscriticalforsuccess.Thepathofactivitieswhichdeterminethetimeitwilltaketogettoregistrationiscalled,inprojectmanagementterms,thecriticalpath.Itisvitaltoplanandpreparebeforestudiesbeginandtomonitorandmanageproblemssoastoensurethatthecriticalpathremainsonschedule.由于增加的经济压力和竞争强度,企业探索如何缩短这一关键步骤是重要的。并行开展这些活动,或将通常按顺序开展的研究进行重叠,往往会涉及到风险的增加;但节省时间的红利可以使这种战略值得做。新药开发的关键步骤贯穿于化合物的初期合成、亚急性毒理学研究和随后的临床计划。一个展示典型的候选药物的关键步骤活动的图表如Fig.2所示。Withincreasedeconomicpressuresandcompetitiveintensityitisimportantforcompaniestoexplorewaystoshortenthiscriticalpath.Runningactivitiesinparallel,oroverlappingstudieswhichwouldusuallyrunsequentially,ofteninvolvesanincreaseinriskbutthedividendsintime-savingcanmakesuchstrategiesworthwhile.Thecriticalpathfordevelopmentofanewdruggenerallyrunsthroughtheinitialsynthesisofcompound,subacutetoxicologystudies,andtheclinicalprogram.AchartshowingthecriticalpathactivitiesforatypicaldrugcandidateisshowninFig.2.ADMEisanacronyminpharmacokineticsandpharmacologyforabsorption,distribution,metabolism,andexcretion,anddescribesthedispositionofapharmaceuticalcompoundwithinanorganism.Thefourcriteriaallinfluencethedruglevelsandkineticsofdrugexposuretothetissuesandhenceinfluencetheperformanceandpharmacologicalactivityofthecompoundasadrug.11“ADME”即“毒药物动力学”,指机体对外源化学物的吸收、分布、代谢及排泄等过程;这些过程可能同时发生。可概括为药物的转运和转化,或