chapter 9 Biotechnology

9.1Biotechnology9.2RecombinantDNATechnology9.3RecombinantProteinExpression9.4Bioalcohols–AdditionalReadingChapter9Biotechnology•Biotechnologyisafieldofappliedbiologythatinvolvestheuseoflivingorganismsandbioprocessesinengineering,technology,medicineandotherfieldsrequiringbioproducts.Biotechnologyalsoutilizestheseproductsformanufacturingpurpose.Modernuseofsimilartermsincludesgeneticengineeringaswellascellandtissueculturetechnologies.Theconceptencompassesawiderangeofprocedures(andhistory)formodifyinglivingorganismsaccordingtohumanpurposes-goingbacktodomesticationofanimals,cultivationofplants,andimprovementstothesethroughbreedingprogramsthatemployartificialselectionandhybridization.Bycomparisontobiotechnology,bioengineeringisgenerallythoughtofasarelatedfieldwithitsemphasismoreonhighersystemsapproaches(notnecessarilyalteringorusingbiologicalmaterialsdirectly)forinterfacingwithandutilizinglivingthings.TheUnitedNationsConventiononBiologicalDiversitydefinesbiotechnologyas:Anytechnologicalapplicationthatusesbiologicalsystems,livingorganisms,orderivatives,thereof,tomakeormodifyproductsorprocessesforspecificuse.InothertermApplicationofscientificandtechnicaladvancesinlifesciencetodevelopcommercialproductsisbiotechnology.9.1BiotechnologyProfessionalWordsandPhrasesbiotechnology[baiəutek'nɔlədʒi]n.生物技术bioprocess[baiəu'prɑ:ses]n.生物处理，生物过程bioproduct[baiəu'prɔdəkt]n.生物制品hybridization[haibridai'zeiʃən]n.杂交bioengineering[baiəuendʒə'niəriŋ]n.生物工程学derivative[di'rivətiv]n.衍生物•Biotechnologydrawsonthepurebiologicalsciences(genetics,microbiology,animalcellculture,molecularbiology,biochemistry,embryology,cellbiology)andinmanyinstancesisalsodependentonknowledgeandmethodsfromoutsidethesphereofbiology(chemicalengineering,bioprocessengineering,informationtechnology,biorobotics).Conversely,modernbiologicalsciences(includingevenconceptssuchasmolecularecology)areintimatelyentwinedanddependentonthemethodsdevelopedthroughbiotechnologyandwhatiscommonlythoughtofasthelifesciencesindustry.9.1Biotechnology(Continued)ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesembryology[embri'ɔlədʒi]n.胚胎学chemicalengineering化学工程学bioprocessengineering生物过程工程学informationtechnology信息技术biorobotics[baiəurəu'bɔtiks]n.仿生机器人学molecularecology分子生态学lifescience生命科学•Biotechnologyisnotlimitedtomedical/healthapplications(unlikeBiomedicalEngineering,whichincludesmuchbiotechnology).Althoughnotnormallythoughtofasbiotechnology,agricultureclearlyfitsthebroaddefinitionofusingabiotechnologicalsystemtomakeproductssuchthatthecultivationofplantsmaybeviewedastheearliestbiotechnologicalenterprise.AgriculturehasbeentheorizedtohavebecomethedominantwayofproducingfoodsincetheNeolithicRevolution.Theprocessesandmethodsofagriculturehavebeenrefinedbyothermechanicalandbiologicalsciencessinceitsinception.9.1Biotechnology(Continued)•Throughearlybiotechnology,farmerswereabletoselectthebestsuitedcrops,havingthehighestyields,toproduceenoughfoodtosupportagrowingpopulation.Otherusesofbiotechnologywererequiredasthecropsandfieldsbecameincreasinglylargeanddifficulttomaintain.Specificorganismsandorganismby-productswereusedtofertilize,restorenitrogen,andcontrolpests.Throughouttheuseofagriculture,farmershaveinadvertentlyalteredthegeneticsoftheircropsthroughintroducingthemtonewenvironmentsandbreedingthemwithotherplants-oneofthefirstformsofbiotechnology.CulturessuchasthoseinMesopotamia,Egypt,andIndiadevelopedtheprocessofbrewingbeer.Itisstilldonebythesamebasicmethodofusingmaltedgrains(containingenzymes)toconvertstarchfromgrainsintosugarandthenaddingspecificyeaststoproducebeer.Inthisprocessthecarbohydratesinthegrainswerebrokendownintoalcoholssuchasethanol.AncientIndiansalsousedthejuicesoftheplantEphedravulgarisandusedtocallitSoma.Laterotherculturesproducedtheprocessoflacticacidfermentationwhichallowedthefermentationandpreservationofotherformsoffood.Fermentationwasalsousedinthistimeperiodtoproduceleavenedbread.AlthoughtheprocessoffermentationwasnotfullyunderstooduntilPasteur’sworkin1857,itisstillthefirstuseofbiotechnologytoconvertafoodsourceintoanotherform.9.1Biotechnology(Continued)biotechnological[baiəutek'nɔlədʒikəl]adj.生物技术的ethanol['eθənəul]n.乙醇Ephedravulgaris麻黄lacticacid乳酸fermentation[fə:men'teiʃən]n.发酵ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)•Intheearlytwentiethcenturyscientistsgainedagreaterunderstandingofmicrobiologyandexploredwaysofmanufacturingspecificproducts.In1917,ChaimWeizmannfirstusedapuremicrobiologicalcultureinanindustrialprocess,thatofmanufacturingcornstarchusingClostridiumacetobutylicum,toproduceacetone,whichtheUnitedKingdomdesperatelyneededtomanufactureexplosivesduringWorldWarI.•Biotechnologyhasalsoledtothedevelopmentofantibiotics.In1928,AlexanderFlemingdiscoveredthemoldPenicillium.HisworkledtothepurificationoftheantibioticbyHowardFlorey,ErnstBorisChainandNormanHeatleypenicillin.In1940,penicillinbecameavailableformedicinalusetotreatbacterialinfectionsinhumans.9.1Biotechnology(Continued)•ThefieldofmodernbiotechnologyisthoughttohavelargelybegunonJune16,1980,whentheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtruledthatageneticallymodifiedmicr