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•材料学院C168•tele：67792908•mobile：[phone]GEMSTONEENHANCEMENTANDITSDETECTIONINTHE2000SShaneF.McClure,RobertE.Kane,andNicholasSturman•ABOUTTHEAUTHORS•Mr.McClureisdirectorofWestCoastIdentificationServicesattheGIALaboratoryinCarlsbadCalifornia•Mr.KaneispresidentandCEOofFinelnternationalinHelenaMontana.•Mr.sturmanissupervisorofPearlIdentificationattheGIALaboratoryinBangkok•GEMSTONEENHANCEMENT•1.THERMALENHANCEMENT•2.DIFFUSIONTREATMENT•3.CLARITYENHANCEMENT•4.IRRADIATIONANDCOMBINEDTREATMENTS•5.SURFACECOATING•6.DYEING•7.BLEACHING•8.IMPREGNATION•9.LUSTERENHANCEMENT••Advancesintechnologyandincreaseddemandforlower-pricedgemmaterialscontributedtotheproliferationofnewtreatmentsthroughoutthefirstdecadeofthe2000s.Thedevelopmentsthatmadethemostdifferencewerethediffusiontreatmentofcorundumwithberyllium,diffusionofcopperintofeldspar,clarityenhancementofrubyanddiamond,andheattreatmentofdiamond,ruby,andsapphire.Gemologicallaboratoriesandresearchershavedonetheirbesttokeepupwiththesetreatments,andthejewelrytradehasstruggledwithhowtodisclosethem.Thisarticlesummarizesthesedevelopmentsandthemethodsusedtoidentifythevariousenhancements.•Anotherdecadehaspassedsincewereviewedtheeventsofthe1990sastheypertainedtogemstoneenhancementsandtheirdetection(McClureandSmith,20001.Atthattime,weobservedthattheissueofdisclosure(and,especially,thefailuretodisclose)hadcausedmajorupheavalinallareasofthejewelryindustry.Weendedthatretrospectivearticlebystatingtherewouldbenoendtofreshchallengesintreatmentidentificationanddisclosureasweenteredthenewmillennium.•The2000scertainlyliveduptoourexpectations.Thereweretreatmentsdiscoveredthatnoonesuspectedwerepossible.Therewerecrisesofdisclosurethatresultedintelevisedexposesandunfavorablepublicityfortheindustry.Therewereimprovementsintreatmentsdevelopedinthe'90sthatmadethemmoreefficientandoftenhardertodetect.•Detectionmethodshavealsobecomemoreandmorecomplex.Gemologicallaboratorieshavehadtoinvestinmoresophisticatedinstrumentation,sometimesatgreatexpense.Forthefrontlinelaboratories,beingagoodgemologistisnolongergoodenough.Youmustalsohavetrainingintheearthsciencesandanalyticalinstrumentationtofunctioneffectivelyinsuchanenvironment.Nowmorethanever,thegemologistinthetrademustbeabletorecognizewhenastonerequiresmoreadvancedtesting.•Itisimportanttoemphasizethatmanyofthesetreatmentscanstillbedetectedwithstandardgemologicalequipment,butstayingcurrentonthelatestdevelopmentsisabsolutelyessential.Theknowledgebaseconcerningtreatmentsisconstantlychanging.•Nearlyeverygemmaterial(e.g.,figure1)issubjecttotreatmentsofoneformoranother.Buildingonpreviousreviews,theaimofthisarticleistoprovideanoverviewofthetreatmentsandidentificationchallengesassociatedwiththemthatwerecommonduringthefirstdecadeofthe2000s.Theauthorsstronglyrecommendthatreadersfamiliarizethemselveswiththeoriginalreferences,asallthepertinentinformationcannotbepresentedinareviewarticle.•Figure1.The2000scontinuedtoseethewidespreaduseoftreatmentsonawidevarietyofgemstones.Thegemsshownherewereenhancedduringthe2000sbyheat(unlessotherwisenoted,orothermethodsknownpriortothedecade:(1)8.43ctaquamarine;(2)16.86cttanzanite:(3)10.08cttourmaline;(4)4.65ctParaibatourmaline;(5)3.36ctredberyl(clarityenhanced);(6)3.07ctruby;(7)53.54ctCu-bearingtourmaline,Mozambique;(8)13.97ctzircon;(9)2.60ctemerald(clarityenhanced);(10)6.43ctzircon;(11)8.04ctbluesapphire;(12)12.15ctpinksapphire(13)13.67ctyellowsapphire;and(14)9.07ctbluetopaz(irradiatedandheated).Nos.1,3,6,8,9,11,12,and13arecourtesyofEvanCaplan(OmiGems,LosAngeles);2,4,5,7,and10arefromFineGemsInternational;and14isfromTinoHammid.PhotobyTinoHammid,©RobertE.Kane.•NOMENCLATUREANDDISCLOSURE•Althoughthereisnoglobalstandardregardingspecificallyhowasellershoulddisclosegemtreatmentsorenhancements,thereisgeneralagreementthattheyshouldbedisclosed.Thisdisclosureshouldbetoallpurchasers,atalllevelsofcommerce(fromminertocutter,wholesaler,jewelrymanufacturer,retailer,and—ultimately—theconsumer).Tofindtheproperprotocolinyourcountryorarea,contactoneofyournationalorregionalcoloredstoneanddiamondorganizations,suchasAGTA(),ICA(),CIBJO(download.cibjo.org),ortheWorldFederationofDiamondBourses(WFDB,).•Intheearly2000s,agroupthatcametobeknownastheLaboratoryManualHarmonisationCommittee(LMHC)wasformedattherequestofleadersofthecoloredstoneindustry.Itspurposewastobringtogetherrepresentativesofmanyofthemajorgemlaboratoriesandattempttostandardizewordingontheirreports(Internationallabs...,2000).•TheLMHCisautonomousandhasrepresentativesfromtheU.S.,Switzerland,Thailand,Italy,andJapan.Ifagreementisreachedonagivensubject,theyissueaninformationsheetwiththewordingexpectedtobeseenonreportsfromthoselabs.Todate,10suchinformationsheetshavebeenissued,andthegroupcontinuestomeettwiceayear(todownloadthesestandardizednomenclaturesheets,goto).•THERMALENHANCEMENT•Forawidevarietyofgemmaterials,heattreatmentisstillthemostcommonenhancement.Insomecases,heattreatme