英美文化概况

Givemeyourtired,yourpoor,Yourhuddledmassesyearningtobreathefree,Thewretchedrefuseofyourteemingshore.Sendthese,thehomeless,tempest-tossedtome.Iliftmylampbesidethegoldendoor.THESTATUEOFLIBERTYSOMEOFINTERESTINGFIGURESStatuecompletedinParis:June1884StatuepresentedtoAmericabythepeopleofFrance:July4,1884StatuedismantledandshippedtoUS:Early1885DateofAcceptancebyPresident:October28,1886PartofAcceptanceStatementbyPresidentCleveland:Wewillnotforgetthatlibertyheremadeherhome;norshallherchosenaltarbeneglected.DatedesignatedaNationalMonument:October15,1924Heightfrombasetotorch:151'1(46.50m)Heeltotopofhead:111'1(33.86m)THESTATUEOFLIBERTYTheOldCustomHouseThroughNewYorkHarbourTHEPRESENTISLANDASNATIOANLMUSEUMTwoimmigrationmovementsBeganprobably25,000yearsago(insearchofnewhuntingGroundsorofrefugefromPursuingenemies)BeganwiththeexpansionofEuropefromthe16thcenturyEuropeinthe16thand17thcenturylearningArtchurchThefeudalsystemofserfdomprevailed.ArtandlearningwereControlledbythechurchThefirstforceThedevelopmentofcapitalismBourgeoisclass(moreandmorepowerfulinpoliticsandeconomy)WorkingclassThesecondforceRenaissance–achangingoutlookonlifeGod-centeredworldandeventheauthorityoftheBiblewerechallengedbythegreatprogressinnaturalandsocialscienceThedevelopmentoftechnologywaspushedThethirdforceReligiousreformation(MartinLuther)↓ProtestantreformationThePopehadnorighttosell“indulgences”FortheremissionOfsinsSinfulmenwouldwinSalvationonlybyFaithinJesusChristAndthroughadirectRelationshiptoGodTheonlytrueguideTothewillofGodwasTheBibleTheSettlementinVIRGINIA(Jamestown1607)CaptainJohnSmith+JohnRolfe(marriedprincessofanIndiantribechief)HouseofBurgesses+thegovernorandhiscouncilmembersRef:Burgesses:senatorinVirginiaorMarylandbeforetheAmericanRevolutionThefirstexampleforfutureUnitedSatesdiscussenactmentoflawsforcolony(firstmeetingofanelectedlegislaturearepresentativeassembly)PuritanNewEngland(Puritan1620inMassachusettsBay)FollowedthedoctrineofJohnCalvin(everyonehadacallinggivenbyGod;readtheBibletofindGod’swillandsearchforone’sindividualcontactwithGod.)CultureheritageofPuritan:valueofindividualism,hardwork,respectofeducationCatholicMarylandfounder:thesecondLordBaltimore;carriedouthisfather’swillin1632(HisfatherGeorgeCalvert,withagrantedcharterin1623fromtheKingbutdiedbeforelong.)PointedaProtestantgovernorin1648MarylandToleranceActin1649(assuredfreedomofworshiptoallwhobelievedinJesusChrist)abandonmentofFeudalplananddevelopmentofcapitalismQuakerPennsylvaniafounder:WilliamPenn(seekingaplacefortheirreligiousbeliefwhichincludedpeoplecontactdirectlywithGod,theinnerlight,Godisineveryone’ssoul;simplebutproductivelife,thriftyandself-denial)receivedagrantfromKingCharlesIIin1681forthe16000poundsofdebtPennmadenorestrictionsonimmigration&naturalization-ideaofthemelting-pot;establishedaliberalself-government;governmenthadnointerferencewithindividualreligiousbeliefTheAmericanrevolutionBritishbegantochargenewtaxesonsugar,coffee,textilesandotherimportedgoods.TheQuarteringAct:forcethecoloniestohouseandfeedBritishsoldiers.NotaxationwithoutrepresentationThecolonistsrefusedtoobeytheBritishlaws,soBritishsoldiersweresenttoBoston.BostonTeaPartyIn1773,agroupofpatriotsdisguisedasIndians,boardedBritishmerchantshipsandtossed342cratesofteaintoBostonharbor.IntolerableActswaspassedMoreBritishsoldiersweresenttotheportofBoston.In1774theFirstContinentalCongressmetinPhiladelphia.(urgeAmericanstodisobeytheIntolerableActsandtoboycottBritishtrade)Thecolonistsbegantoorganizemilitiasandcollectandstoreweapon.OnApril,1775,thefirstshotwasfiredwhen700BritishsoldierswenttocaptureacolonialarmsdepotinthesmalltownofConcordnearBoston.AmericanWarofIndependencebegan.DeclaringindependenceDeclarationofIndependenceJuly4th1776Colonists’rights:unalienablerights(life,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness)Thewarofindependencecametoanendin1781TheTreatyofPariswassignedin1783.(BritishhadtorecognizetheindependenceoftheUnitedStates)GeorgeWashington(1732~1799)FoundingFatheroftheUnitedStates;DeliveredhisinauguralAddressinNewYorkCityOnApril30,1789OnSeptember17,1796PeacefullyturnedoverthePowerofthepresidencytoJohnAdamsBenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)DistinguishedmemberoftheContinentalCongressthatdraftedtheDeclarationofIndependenceHeandJohnJayandJohnAdamsnegotiatedtheTreatyofParis(1783),whichendedtheWarforIndependence.ThomasJefferson(1743~1826)AuthoroftheDeclarationofIndependenceandthirdpresidentoftheUnitedStatesNation’sgreatestchampionofrepresentativedemocracyandtherightsofmanThemosteloquentspokesmanonthefoundingprinciplesofAmericanself-government