主讲教师:郑家钦Lecture4ZhengJiaqinVarietiesintheEnglishWorld主讲教师:郑家钦Lecture4•讲授题目:VarietiesintheEnglishWorld•所属章节:《社会语言学与英语学习》之第5章•计划学时:2periods•教学方法:传统讲授法•参考资料:《社会语言学导论》•教学目的和要求:通过本章的学习,学生对英语世界英语语言的几种变体形式,特点等问题有初步了解。主讲教师:郑家钦GeneralRemarksTheEnglishworldgenerallyreferstothecountriesandareaswhereEnglishistheofficiallanguageorthesecondlanguage,includingthosenon-EnglishspeakingcountriesinwhichEnglishisthefirstforeignlanguage.TypesofEnglishareidentifiedwiththeresidentsofparticularplaces,suchasAmericanandBritishvarietiesofEnglish;CanadianEnglish;AustralianEnglish;SouthAfricanEnglish.SociolinguistsclaimthatworldEnglishesarevarious.ThislecturemainlydiscussesthefivetypicalvarietiesofEnglish:AmericanEnglish;Chinglish;Pidgin;Creole;BlackEnglish.主讲教师:郑家钦4.1BrE&AmEBrEisthebasisforthevarietiesspokeninEngland,Ireland,Wales,Scotland,Australia,NewZealand,Singapore,Pakistan,India,Malaysia,andSouthAfrica.AmEincludeschieflytheEnglishofCanadaandtheUnitedStates.主讲教师:郑家钦Phonologicaldifferences/α://æ/fast,glass,half,danceThetreatmentof‘r’.InthestandardBrE,suchsoundhasusuallydisappeared.InAmE,itispronouncedinallpositions.MostAmericanshavearetroflex/r/when‘r’appearsafteravowelinwordslikecar,floor,four,etc…卷舌音主讲教师:郑家钦LexicalDifferencesAmEBrEcandysweetcookiesbiscuitvestwaistcoatelevatorliftsemestertermvacationholidayautomobilecargarbagerubbishsickillsubwayTub/undergroundbarpub主讲教师:郑家钦OrthographicalDifferencesSomewordsarespeltdifferentlyinAmEandBrE.Onthewhole,thewordsinAmEarespeltmoresimplythanthoseinBrE.Wordsendingwith–ourinBrEusuallyendwith–orinAmE.(color,favor,labor,behavior,neighbor)Wordsendingwith–reinBrEusuallyendwith–erinAmE.(liter,meter,center,theater)Wordsendingwith–ogueinBrEusuallyendwith–oginAmE.(dialog,monolog,catalog)Wordsendingwith–ceand–zeinBrEusuallyendwith–seinAmE.(license,defense,realise)主讲教师:郑家钦GrammaticalDifferences1)ThetreatmentofcollectivenounsinAmEandBrEisdifferent.AmericanstendstotreatthecollectivesassinglenounswhereastheBritishpeopleweremorelikelytousethemasplurals.e.g.Thefamilywas/wereinvitedtotheparty.2)Thespeakersofthesetwovarietiesusetheverbdowithauxiliariescanandhavedifferently.Q:Haveyourepairedthebicycleforthegirl?AmE:No,Ihaven’t.BrE:No,Ihaven’tdoneyet.主讲教师:郑家钦GrammaticalDifferences3)SomeoftheprepositionsareuseddifferentlyinAmEandBrE.e.g.Hesawhisex-wifeon/inthestreet.Thebookcatersto/forthereadersbelowtheageof12.HeworkedMondaythrough/toSunday.主讲教师:郑家钦4.2PidginPidginisalanguagewhichhasnonativespeakers.Itisasimplifiedlanguagederivedfromtwoormorelanguages.Itisacontactlanguagedevelopedandusedbypeoplewhodonotshareacommonlanguageinagivengeographicalarea.Pidgin(皮钦语,又译“洋泾浜语”)是17世纪以后在殖民地、半殖民地的通商口岸常见的一种语言现象。Reasonsforthedevelopmentofpidgin:a:thefast-developingcommercialandpoliticalexchangeb:thecolonization接触性语言主讲教师:郑家钦4.2PidginMostpidginsoriginatefromafusionofseveraltotallyunrelatedlanguagesandtheytypicallyhavealimitedvocabularyandverysimplegrammar.ManypidginshavebeenidentifiedandaltogetherthereareasmanyassixtyvarietiesofEnglish-basedpidgins:e.g.NigerianPidginEnglish,PapuanPidginEnglish,VietnamesePidginEnglish,ChinesePidginEnglish…TokPisin:widelyusedinPapuaNewGuinea,hasabout1500lexicalitems,andabout80%derivedformEnglish.e.g.Midrimanlongkilimwanpelasnek.(IdreamedthatIkilledasnake.)结合巴布亚巴布亚新几内亚主讲教师:郑家钦4.2PidginCameroonianPidginEnglish:e.g.Gifdibukfomi.(Givethebooktome.)Dimonideifotebul.(Themoneyisonthetable.)喀麦隆主讲教师:郑家钦HawaiiPidginEnglishAuntiePuaLeiNani,shesochang.Dadressshehadwearfodaprom,shehadreturnondanextday.MyAuntDaisy-Mayisfrugaltoafault.Afterwearingherpromdress,sherequestedarefundthenextday.过分地节俭的退还主讲教师:郑家钦4.3.Chinglish/ChinesePidginEnglish•Definition•RepresentationofChinglish•HistryofChinglish•InfluencesofChinglish主讲教师:郑家钦DefinitionofChinglish在使用英语时,因受汉语思维方式或文化的影响而生搬硬套、拼造出不符合英语表达习惯的,具有中国特征的不规范的或畸形的英语。这是中国人在学习英语过程中普遍出现的,尽管暂时、却是必然的一种语言现象。随着英语在中国已经成了一个流行的话题,许多新鲜事也跟着出来了。据说,2006年全球最流行的10个词中,就有一个词叫chinglish,也就是中式英语。主讲教师:郑家钦Examplesandinfluences•(1)giveyousomecolortoseesee.•(2)sheismywatchsister.•(3)“longtimenosee”(很久不见)已成为标准英文词组;•“goodgoodstudy,daydayup”(好好学习,天天向上)•“onecarcome,onecargo,twocarpengpeng,thepeopledie.”•一个同学在饭馆里看到童子鸡的英文后面写着:•①“Youngchickenwithoutsex”.•②”Unmarriedchicken”.1994年以来加入国际英语行列的词汇中,中式英语贡献了5%至20%,超过任何其他来源;主讲教师:郑家钦History最早期的中式英语应该在香港出现。当时英国强行租借香港岛,在货物起卸区,有不少经常与洋人打交道的人慢慢从洋人口中学得几个简单的英文词语,就用自己的方式把这些刚学会的英语组成字句。这些字句,有不少甚至已经溶入英语之内。(例如:打照呼时说的“Longtimenosee!”).后来英国在上海的租界发展,中式英语亦在当地兴起,并以英租界边界洋泾浜的名字命名为“洋泾浜英语”.中式英语经常应用于书面语。著名的例子有“sanq”,即是中文“谢谢”的意思(在普通话中通常作‘三Q’),还有oklah.(第二个例子同时适用于中国式英语与新加坡英语)主讲教师:郑家钦上海的洋泾浜英语•“洋泾浜”•老上海苏州河的一条支流。•1845年英租界在上海建立以后,它成为租界和华界的分界线,沿岸也成了上海最繁华的地段,也是英语和汉语语言接触最频繁的地方。主讲教师:郑家钦上海话中的洋泾浜英语–“蹩脚”(BILGE,船底污水,引申为肮脏的、下三滥的、劣质的)–“大兴”(DASHY,浮华的,华而不实的,引申为假的、冒牌的、劣质的)–“肮三”(ONSALE,二手货贱卖,引申为垃圾货、形容人的品质低劣)–“瘪三”(BEGSIR,乞丐先生,用来形容叫花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人,后引申为最广泛的骂人用语之一。–“赤佬”是英语“CHEAT”(欺骗)和中文“佬”的混生词语,一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语(隐语)。主讲教师:郑家钦•Lastcar叫做“拉司卡”•Onedollar叫做“温淘箩”•“康姆”come•“狗”go“也司”yes“糯”no“佛立谷”verygood“吞的福”twentyfour靴叫“蒲脱”(boot)鞋叫“靴”(shoe)。主讲教师:郑家钦“拿摩温”先生是阿大(numberone),“翘梯翘梯”(吃tea吃tea)请吃茶,自家兄弟“勃拉茶”(brother),爷