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II.OutlineoftheessayPart1(para.1-2):Theoldestprojectin“gettingthepooroffourconscience”Part2(para.3-9):5historicalsolutionsPart3(para.10-11):atransitionPart4(para.12-20):5currentdesignsPart5:(para21):conclusion6.Whytheauthorchoosessuchatitleasthisessay?Lookatthefollowingphotos.Millionsandmillionsofpeoplearestrugglingfortheirsurvival,thousandsandthousandsofpeopledieofhunger,coldandillness.While‘MillenniumDevelopmentGoalsaretomeettheneedsoftheworld’spoorest”,doyouthinktheauthorreallytriestocallpeopletogetthepoorofftheirconscience?“Plutarchwasledtosay”impliesthatitwastheactualexistenceoftherichandpoororthelogicofhisanalysisthatmadehimcometosuchaconclusion:…IftheRomerepublicsufferedfromthesameproblems2,000yearsago,itprovestheauthor’spointthatpovertyisaperpetual(permanent)problem.6.Andtheproblemsthatarisefromthecontinuing…havebeenanintellectualpreoccupationforcenturies.:Themainideaofthisstatementisthatforcenturiesthosewithhighintellecthavebeensearchingforexplanationstojustifythecoexistenceoftherichandpoor.Part2:historicalresearchpara.3Thefirstsolution(next-lifetheory)4.Doestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution?No,hedoesn’t.Heisbeingironicalhere.Hecallsit“anadmirablesolution”becausenowtherich“getthepoorofftheirconscience”.Para.4:Thesecondsolution(utilitarianism)1.TheWealthofNationsbyAdamSmithItissymbolicthatAdamSmith'smasterpieceofeconomicanalysis,TheWealthofNations,wasfirstpublishedin1776,thesameyearastheDeclarationofIndependence.Hearguedpassionatelyinfavoroffreetradeandthemosteloquent--integrateddescriptionoftheworkingsofamarketeconomy,whichcontinuestoinfluenceoureconomyrightuptothepresentday.4.“Bytheprincipleofutility”…“ismeanttheprinciplewhich…”:Thenormalwordordershouldbe:utilitarianismismeanttheprinciplewhichproves…bytheprincipleofutility.AccordingtoBentham,theprincipleofutilitarianismmeansthatanactionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitsofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction.5.utilitarianismisageneralphilosophicalidealikeidealism.whichmeansthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumber.Utilitarianismisthemoraldoctrinethatweshouldalwaysacttoproducethegreatestpossiblebalanceofgoodoverhadforeveryoneaffectedbyouraction.Consequently,thegreatesthappinessofallconstitutesthestandardthatdetermineswhetheranactionisrightorwrong.Iftheypromotethegreatesthumanwelfareactionsareright,iftheydonotactionsarewrong.Para.5:thethirdsolution(poorpeople’sfault)1.ThisisassociatedwiththenameofDavidRicardo,astockbroker,andThomasRobertMalthus,adivine.Stockbroker:apersonwhosejobisbuyingandsellingsharesforthosewithmoney(investor).Astockbrokercaneasilyearnbigmoneythroughthecommissionwhichdependsontheamountofmoneytheinvestorinvests,whileitisveryhardfortheinvestortoearnmoneyinthestockmarket,becauseofthehighrisk.9.Thepovertyofthepoorwasthefaultofthepoor.Anditwassobecauseitwasaproductoftheirfecundity:Thepovertyofthepoorwascausedbytheirhavingtoomanychildren.Para.6:Malthusianism(马尔塞斯人口论)11.…therichwerenotresponsibleforeitheritscreationoritsamelioration:Therichwerenottoblamefortheexistenceofpovertysotheyshouldnotbeaskedtoundertakethetaskofsolvingtheproblem.12.However,Malthuswashimselfnotwithoutacertainresponsibility:Heurgedthat…asafullyeffectivemethodofbirthcontrol:WhatwarningdidMalthusurgethatthemarriageceremonyshouldcontain?Why?14.CouplesinloveshouldrepairtoR.H.Macy’s,nottheirbedroom:Itimpliesthatcoupleswillfindtheirpocketsnotthatheavywhiletheylookaroundthemarket,whichwillpushthemtoworkhardformoneyratherthanenjoytheirloveintheirbedroomsforhavingtoomanychildren.ThisstatementridiculesReagan’sviewthatthebestformofpopulationcontrolcomesfromthemarket.Para.7:theforthsolution(SocialDarwinism--survivalofthefittest)Para.9:thefifthsolution(morevaguedenialofpoverty)1.Itdeclinedinpopularity,andreferencestoitacquiredacondemnatorytone:PeoplebegantorejectSocialDarwinismbecauseitseemedtoglorifybrutalforceandopposetreasuredvaluesofsympathy,loveandfriendship.Therefore,whenitwasmentioned,itwasusuallythetargetofcriticism.Para.(10-11):atransition18.Whydoestheauthorcallitarevolution?Becauseitbrokeawayfromthetraditionalconceptionthatthefederalgovernmentwasnotresponsibleforsocialwelfare.TheSocialSecurityActof1935laidfoundationforthecurrentsocialwelfaresystemoftheUnitedStates.Readerscaneasilysensethattheauthorisfortherevolution.19.Whatdidpeoplefeelwhenanumberofsocialwelfaremeasureswereputintopractice?Weretheyrightinthinkingso?(para.10)Peoplefeltthatthepolicyofignoringthepoorandrefusingassistancehadbeenabandoned.Sincethegovernmentwasmakingeffortstorelievethemiseryofthepoor,theydidnotneedtopayattentiontoanymore.Theywerenotcompletelyright.Thegovernmentdidtakemanymeasures,butthedesiretogetthepooroffourconsciencestilllingeredon,waitingforchancestocomeback..20.…thesearchforawayofgettingthepooroffourconsciencewasnotatanend;itwasonlysuspended:Theoldesthumanexercisesofgettingthepooroffourconsciencehadnotbeenceased.Ithadonlybeenstoppedtemporarily.23.Ithasagainbecome…,andaneconomicallynotunrewardingenterprise:Searchingthewayofgettingthepooroffourconsciencehasagainbe