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Section1.1ThePuzzleofMatterchemistrymattermasspropertyscientificmodelqualitativeMosteverydaymatteroccursasmixtures—combinationsoftwoormoresubstances.quantitativesubstancemixturephysicalchangephysicalpropertysolutionalloysolutesolventaqueoussolutionelementcompoundformulaSection1.1•Amodelofthesubmicroscopicstructureofapieceofmattermustbeabletoexplainandpredicttheobservedmacroscopicbehavior.UsingModelsinChemistrySection1.1ClassifyingMatter(cont.)Section1.1•Therearetwotypesofpuresubstances—compoundsandelements.Substances:PureMatterSection1.1Substances:PureMatter(cont.)Section1.1Substances:PureMatter(cont.)89化合物的英文命名Nomenclatureofcompounds10一无机物的命名(Inorganiccompounds)1元素与单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。11S-blockElementIAHHydrogenLiLithiumNaSodiumKPotassiumRbRubidiumCsCesiumFrFranciumIIABeBerylliumMgMagnesiumCaCalciumSrStrontiumBaBariumRaRadiumP-blockElementVIAVIIA0HeHeliumOOxygenFFluorineNeNeonSSulfurClChlorineArArgonSeSeleniumBrBromineKrKryptonTeTelluriumIIodineXeXenonPoPoloniumAtAstatineRnRadonIIIAIVAVABBoronCCarbonNNitrogenAlAluminiumSiSiliconPPhosphorusGaGalliumGeGermaniumAsArsenicInIndiumSnTinSbAntimonyTlThalliumPbLeadBiBismuth13CommonTransitionElememtFe:ironMn:manganeseCu:copperZn:zincHg:mercuryAg:silverAu:goldBrBromineIIodineSnTinMgMagnesium142化合物的命名化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。12345678910mono-di-bi-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-nona-deca-15Namingmetalions(cations)formetaloxides,basesandsalts1.SinglevalenceionsCation’sname=Elementforexample:Na+sodiumionAl3+aluminumionK+potassiumionCa2+calciumion162.MultivalenceionsCation’sname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orferrousFe3+Iron(III)orferricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)Cu+Copper(I)orcuprousCu2+Copper(II)orcupricSn2+Tin(II)orstannousSn4+Tin(IV)orstannicHg22+Mercury(I)ormercurousHg2+Mercury(II)ormercuric17对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrousoxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferricoxideCu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprousoxideCuO:copper(II)oxide或cupricoxide18Namingnonmetalions(anions)1.MonatomicanionsAnion’sname=Element’sroot-ideForexample:Cl-chlorideionO2-oxideionBr-bromideionH-hydrideionI-iodideion(CN-cyanideion)S2-sulfideion(OH-hydroxideion)192.Polyatomicoxyanions(1).Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)Anion’sname=CentralElement’sroot-ateforexample:ClO3-chlorateIO3-iodatePO43-phosphateNO3-nitrateSO42-sulfateCO32-carbonate20(2).Acidradicalsformeta-salts(亚酸根-ite)Anion’sname=Centralelement’sroot-iteforexample:ClO2-chloriteIO2-ioditePO33-phosphiteNO2-nitriteSO32-sulfite21(3).Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根-ite)Anion’sname=Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-iteforexample:ClO-HypochloriteIO-HypoioditePO23-Hypophosphite22(4).Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根per-ate)Anion’sname=per-centralElement’sroot-ateforexample:ClO4-perchlorateIO4-periodateMnO4-permanganate23Namingcompounds1.MetaloxideMetaloxide=Cation+oxideforexample:FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Fe3O4FerroferricoxidePb3O4TrileadtetroxideNa2O2Sodiumperoxide242.NonmetaloxideNonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideforexample:COcarbonmonoxideCO2carbondioxideSO3sulfurtrioxideN2O3dinitrogentrioxideP2O5diphosphoruspentoxideN2O4dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO:nitricoxideN2O:nitrousoxide25非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。（1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride（2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine举例：PH3:phosphine或phosphaneAsH3:arsine或arsaneSbH3:stibine或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diborane26无氧酸命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid举例：HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosulfuricacid273.BasesBase=Metalcation+hydroxideforexample:Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide284.盐(Salts)(1).正盐(Normalsalt)：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。Normalsalt=Cation+anionforexample:HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfateHg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfateKNO3PotassiumnitrateNa2CO3SodiumcarbonateNaClOSodiumhypochloriteFeSO4iron(II)sulfateorferroussulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate29(2)酸式盐：(Acidicsalts)同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionforexample:NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateCa(HSO4)2CalciumbisulfateNaHCO3Sodiumhydrogencarbonate或Sodiumbicarbonate30(3).Basicsalts(碱式盐)Basicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anionforexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)ClCalciumhydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate31(4).复盐(Mixedsalts)：同正盐的读法。阳离子按照英文名字第一个字母的顺序排列。Mixedsalt=Cation+cation’+anionforexample:NaKSO3SodiumpotassiumsulfiteCaNH4PO4calciumammoniumphosphateAgLiCO3SilverlithiumcarbonateNaNH4SO4SodiumammoniumsulfateKNaCO3:potassuimsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:sodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphate325)水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate如AlCl