寒假语法专项第一讲名词•名词是词类的一种,也是实词一种,名词是表示人或事物名称的词。名词专有名词普通名词可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词•专有名词•表示具体的人,事物,地点,团体或机构的专有名称(第一个字母要大写)。例:China、Asia、Beijing、thepeople’sRepublicofChina(中华人民共和国)。•专有名词如果是含有名词短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:theGreatWall(长城)。•姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义)。如:theGreens。普通名词①、普通名词表示一类人、事物或者抽象概念的名称。②、普通名词前面可以加上不定冠词a/an或者定冠词the,也可以不加冠词。③、普通名词分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词使用时必须有数量关系。•1.个体名词:表示个别人或事物。•(car汽车fan风扇photo照片•person人)•2.集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集体。•(people人们army军队team团队)•3.复合名词:两个或两个以上名词连在一起构成的复合词.可以将其看做一种固定形式。有些复合名词中间带连字符,有些则没有。•(boy-friend男友passer-by过路人highway高速公路earthquake地震)•4.物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。•(fire火steel钢air空气water水milk牛奶)•5.抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。•(labor劳动health健康friendship友情patience耐力)①、可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。②、单数名词与冠词a/an连用。表示数量为“一”③、可数名词有复数形式,表示数量“大于一”。可以用数词来修饰复数名词,来表示名词的具体数量。如果要表示可数名词的不确切的数量,可以用some,many,alotof等修饰。可数名词•1、可数名词的复数形式变化规则(1)一般情况,在词尾加-s。(2)以s/x/sh/ch结尾的名词,在词尾加-es。如:box——boxes.(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,把y变i加-es。如:story——stories.(4)以o结尾的名词复数,无生命的直接加-s。如:zoos,photos,pianos.有生命的potato,tomato,hero等少数单词加-es.(5)以f或fe结尾的名词,把f/fe去掉,加-ves;但也有个别词例外。wolf—wolvesroof--roofs名词变复数的不规则变化•(1)有些名词的单数变复数是不规则的。如:mouse——mice,tooth——teeth,foot——feet,child——children,man——men,Frenchman——Frenchmen.•口诀:男人女人a变e,鹅足牙齿oo变ee•(2)有些名词的单复数相同:如sheep,deer,•means,series,Chinese,Japanese•(3)某国家的人:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。•(4)复合名词的复数通常把复合名词中的主体名词变成复数。如aboystudent——twoboystudents,但是含有man和woman的复合名词,每个部分都要变成复数。如:awomanteacher——womenteachers.•(5)有些名词只有复数形式。如:trousers,glasses,等。不可数名词①、不可数名词没有复数形式,在句子中一般被视为单数,谓语用单数。不和a/an连用,可以和the连用。②、不可数名词可以用some,much,alittle,alotof,abitof,plentyof等修饰。注意:有些抽象名词具体化后,可以变成可数名词,如:success,failure用下列名词的适当形式填空(1)Therearealotof_________(potato)inthebasketunderthedesk.(2)Whose_________(watch)arethoseoverthere?(3)Thepolicehavecaughtallthe_________(thief).(4)Tomwenttoseethedentistyesterdayandhadhistwo_______(tooth)pulledout.(5)Thereissome_________(milk)intheglass.(6)The_________(German)areonavisittoBeijing.(7)Davidtookmany_______(photo)inthepark.(8)Look!Thereareten_________(Japanese)andfive________(American)talkingunderthetree.potatoeswatchesthievesteethmilkGermansphotosJapaneseAmericans用所给单词的适当形式完成句子1.Maryreceivedmany______(gift)whengraduatingfrommiddleschool.2.Thethree_________(spaceman)ofShenzhouVIISpaceshipwerewarmlywelcomedinHongKong.3.MrBlackgotsomenice______onFather’sDay.Howhappyhewas!(present)4.Therearemore_______(sheep)inAustraliathaninJapan.5.Look!Two________(monkey)arefightingforfoodoverthere.giftsspacemenpresentssheepmonkeys名词所有格的两种形式:①、在名词后面加’s,构成’s所有格形式,表示有生命的东西的所有格。如:women’sbooksstudents’books②、“名词+of+名词”,构成of所有格形式,表示无生命的东西的所有格。如:thelegsofthetable③、双重所有格:of+名词’s如:afriendofmyfather’s表示名词的后缀:-ageshortage,marriage-ence/encydependence,frequency-anceimportance-nesshappiness-cion/sion/tionsuspicion,occasion,competition-er/orwriter,doctor-eeemployee-esshostess,actress-ismcommunism-tyanxiety-istartist,scientist-urepleasure-mentargument,development-shipfriendship-hoodchildhood1.Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome__________(think)andthenletmeknow.2.Hecelebratedthe________(arrive)oftheNewYearwithapartyforhisfriends.3.Withthelargenumbersofstudents,the____________(operate)ofthesystemdoesinvolveacertainamountofactivity.4.Wefearthatwedonothavethe________(strong)andcouragetofacethetruthofoursituation.5.Thebusdriverbrokethe________(silent),bycallingattentiontoawaterfallofgreatbeauty.6.ThespeechthatMrSmithmadetodaygaveastrong__________(impress)onthestudents.thoughtarrivaloperationstrengthsilenceimpressionRobotsusedfor__________(housework)weretestedoutinsome________(family).Tony,oneofthe______(robot),lookedlikeatallandhandsomemanwithsmoothblackhair,speakinginadeepvoice.Larrywasgoingtobeawayfromhome.Also,_________(curious)drovehimtohaveatryonsuchanewthing.SohehiredarobottoaccompanyhiswifeClaire.AtthefirstsightofTony,Clairefeltembarrassed.Gradually,Tonybegantowinthe________(hostess)trust.HehelpedClairerealize_______(dream)bymakingherhomeelegant,givingheranewhaircut,changingthemake-upsheworeandgivingher_______(advise)onherpersonal_______(dress).Therefore,alltheguestswerefilledwith_________(admire)whentheysawthehousewascompletelychanged.houseworkfamiliesrobotscuriosityhostess’dreamsadvicedressesadmiration•名词的功能:名词在句中作主语,宾语,定语,宾语补足语,表语等。•1.主语:Thebagisinthedesk.•书包在桌子里边。•2.宾语:Iwashedmyclothesyesterday.•昨天我洗了我的衣服。•3.表语:Thisisagoodbook.•这是一本好书。•4.宾语补足语Wemadehimourmonitor.•我们选他为我们的班长。•5.定语:SheisaPartymember.•她是一位党员。6.状语:Theystudyharddayandnight.他们白天黑夜地学习。