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TEXTONEWhenhoneybeesbegantodeserttheirhivesrecently,nevertoreturn,itthrewapiaristsintoapanic.Whatappearedtobeperfectlyhealthyadultbeeswouldfleetheirqueen,theyoungandtheirfoodstores.Insteadofransackingtheemptyhive,otherbeeswouldavoiditliketheplague.Yettherewasnothingobviouslywrong.Researchershavenowidentifiedthefirsttangibleclueinthemystery—arelativelynewvirus.ColonycollapsedisorderbecamewidespreadinAmericainthewinterof2006-07,whenaboutaquarterofthenation'sbeekeeperswereaffected,eachlosingbetween30%and90%oftheirwingedworkers.Beesarevaluednotsomuchfortheirhoney,whichisworthsome$200mayearinAmerica,butfortheirworkinpollinatingcrops.Thisbringstheeconomysome$15billionayear,asapiaristsmovetheirhivestolandproducingfruit,vegetablesandnuts.Findingexactlywhycoloniescollapsehasbeentaxingthemindsofbothfederalanduniversityscientists.Therehavebeenfewbodiesonwhichtoconductautopsies.Thoseadultbeesthathavebeenfounddeadnearanabandonedhivehavebeenriddledwithalmosteverybeediseaseknowntoman.NowareportbyDianaCox-FosterofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityandhercolleagues,publishedintheSeptember6thissueofScience,pointsthefingerattheIsraeliacuteparalysisvirus.Thelurgyinquestionwas,theresearcherssuggest,importedfromAustralia.Becausemanyfactorscouldbeactingtogethertocausebeecoloniestocollapse,DrCox-Fosterandhercolleaguesdecidedtoexamineeverythingtheycouldfindwithintheemptyhives.Theycollectedsamplesfrominfectedhivesandcomparedthemnotonlywithsamplesfromapparentlyhealthyhivesbutalsowithananalysisofroyaljelly—abeesecretionfedtothelarvae—fromChina,whichhasnotbeenaffectedbythemysterydisorder.Fromtheirsamples,theresearchersextractedRNA—achemicalthatcarriesandhelpstodecodegeneticinformation.Theiranalysisrevealedthepresenceofvariousbacteria,fungiandvirusesthatwerelurkinginthehivesandtheroyaljelly.Theythenlookedtoseewhethertherewasanythingintheabandonedhivesthatwasnotfoundelsewhere.Whattheyfoundwasavirusfirstidentifiedin2004intheMiddleEast.BeesinfectedwithIsraeliacuteparalysisvirusshiver,theirbodiesbecomefrozenandtheydie.Butthevirusitselfcannotbethesolecauseofcolonycollapsedisorder.Forastart,allthehivesinfectedwithitwerealsoinfestedwithasecondnasty,theKashmiribeevirus.Yetthisviruswasalsopresentinmanyoftheapparentlyhealthyhives.Intriguingly,therewasalsoavirusthattheresearcherswereunabletoclassify.TheysuspectitmaybeanewlineageoftheKashmiribeevirus,butitcouldbesomethingcompletelynovel.Thissecondviruswasalsofoundonlyintheabandonedhives.Theresearchersreckonthatthereasonwhysomanyhoneybeesaredyingisdowntoacombinationoffactorsthatarefoundonly,sofar,inAmerica.TheIsraeliacuteparalysisvirusmayhavehadsuchadevastatingeffecttherebecauseofthepresenceofaparasitecalledthevarroamite.Thisparasiteweakenstheimmunesystemsofbees,makingtheconsequencesofaninfectionmorelikelytobefatal.Tellingly,beesinAustraliahavenotbeeninfectedbytheparasite.1.Whenhoneybeesdeserttheirhives,theotherbeeswillusually_____参考译文：当蜜蜂开始离开自己的蜂房、再也不回来的时候。这让养蜂人陷入了恐慌。那些壮年的蜜蜂离开了蜂皇、幼蜂和它们的食物储藏地。其它密封也没有去占领那些空的蜂房，反而像避瘟疫一样地避开。尽管表面上看起来没什么大的问题，研究者们现在找到了这个谜团的第一丝线索——一种比较新的病毒。2006年至2007年的冬天，蜂房倒塌在美国随处可见，全国四分之一的养蜂人都遭受了损失，每个人都失去了30%到90%的工蜂。蜜蜂的高价值并不在于其生产的蜂蜜（在美国一年为2亿美元），而是因为它们可以给谷物授粉。养蜂人将蜂巢移到生长水果、蔬菜和坚果的地方，每年因此带来的收入为150亿美元。这些帝国瓦解的原因一直让联邦和大学的科学家们头疼，因为没有多少蜜蜂可供研究。而在被遗弃蜂巢旁死去的成年蜜蜂几乎得过所有人类知道的蜜蜂可能得的病。宾西法尼亚州立大学的DianaCox-Foster及其同事发表的一篇报道（发表于9月6号的《科学》杂志）将矛头指向了以色列急性麻痹病毒。研究者认为，这种疾病是从澳大利亚传入的。因为许多因素可能共同导致蜜蜂王国的崩溃，Cox-Foster博士及其同事决定把他们在空巢中找到的所有东西都检查一遍。他们从受到感染的蜂巢中搜集了一些样品，不仅将其与正常健康的蜂巢样品作比较，而且和中国蜂王浆（喂养幼虫的蜜蜂分泌物）进行分析比较，这种蜂王浆没有受到这种奇怪的侵害。研究者从取样中提取了RNA，这是携带并帮助解读遗传信息的化学物质。他们的分析发现了许多细菌、真菌和病毒都潜伏在蜂巢和蜂王浆里。接着他们调查被遗弃的蜂巢中是否还有别的什么东西在其它地方是没有的。他们发现的是一种2004年在中东首次确认的病毒。染上以色列急性麻痹病毒的蜜峰会颤抖，进而身体变僵硬，最后死去。但是病毒本身不可能是蜜蜂王国瓦解的唯一原因。最开始，所有感染该病毒的蜂巢也染有第二种病毒——克什米尔蜜蜂病毒。但是这种病毒在许多健康的蜜蜂体内也存在。奇怪的是，还有一种病毒研究者们不能辨别。他们怀疑这可能是克什米尔病毒的新变种，但是也可能是完全新型的病毒。第二种病毒在被抛弃的蜂巢中也能找到。研究者承认为什么如此多蜜蜂死去的原因是一系列因素综合作用的结果，到目前为止只在美国出现。以色列急性麻痹病毒有可能因为一种名为varroamite的寄生虫的存在而得到了摧毁性的效果。这种寄生虫减弱了蜜蜂的免疫系统，使得感染疾病的蜜蜂更容易是死亡。据说，澳大利亚的蜜蜂就没有受到这种寄生虫的侵害。TEXTTWOOnceuponatime,theonlyideologicallyacceptableexplanationsofmentaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomenwerecultural.Anybiologistwhodaredtosuggestinpublicthatperhapsevolutionmightworkdifferentlyonthesexes,andthatthismightperhapsresultinsomeunderlyingneurologicalinequalities,waslikelytogettarredandfeathered.Today,bycontrast,biologytendstobeanexplanationoffirstresortinmatterssexual.Soitissalutarytocomeacrossanexperimentwhichshowsthatanewlydiscovereddifferencewhichfitseasily,atfirstsight,intothebiological-determinismcamp,actuallydoesnotbelongthereatall.WritinginPsychologicalScience,ateamledbyIanSpenceoftheUniversityofTorontodescribesatestperformedonpeople'sabilitytospotunusualobjectsthatappearintheirfieldofvision.Successatspatialtaskslikethisoftendiffersbetweenthesexes(menarebetteratrememberingandlocatinggenerallandmarks;womenarebetteratrememberingandlocatingfood),sotheresearcherswerenotsurprisedtodiscoveradiscrepancybetweenthetwo.Thetestaskedpeopletoidentifyan“oddmanout”objectinabrieflydisplayedfieldoftwodozenotherwiseidenticalobjects.Menhada68%successrate.Womenhada55%successrate.Ha