第三讲-主题-述题

1ComparativestudiesofEnglishandChinese2ComparativestudiesofEnglishandChinese•DrSmithoperatedonJohn.•JohnwasoperatedonbyDrSmith.•Johnunderwentanoperation.3•Thisroomhaswitnessedthesigningofmanytreaties.•Theeightyearsfrom1963through1970sawthepublicationofeightrelativelyfulltreatmentsofthesubject.4MattersofDisputeHowmanyrolesandlevelsofconstituentsinsentences5Everysentencehasthreestructuresagrammaticalstructure,asemanticstructure,astructureofutteranceorganization.6Asemanticstructurecases:agent,patient,benefactor,locative,andsoforth.7Astructureofutteranceorganizationtheme(topic)andrheme(comment)focus,andpresupposition8Greatdisagreementamonglinguists•underlyingnetworksofsemanticelements;theunderlyingsemanticrepresentation;theme:•whatoneistalkingorwritingabout:•whatonesaysorwritesaboutthetheme;oldandfamiliarinformation,rhemeswitholdinformation;themescomefirstinthesentence,rhemeslater.9SubjectprominentvstopicprominentAsubjectwillgovernasentenceinEnglishinprinciple.Atopicwillbethefocuswhileasubjectwillchangetomeettherequirementsoftheelucidationofatopic.10Subjectprominentvstopicprominent人们已研制出一个微机测量系统，这个测量系统可在5秒钟内自动获得L-V特性曲线，精度为0.05%。11Subjectprominentvstopicprominent1.Microcomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdeveloped.AnI-Vcharacteristiccurvecanbeautomaticallyacquiredin5secondswithaaccuracyof0.05%.12Subjectprominentvstopicprominent2.MicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdevelopedwhichcanbeautomaticallyproduceanI-Vcharacteristiccurvewithanaccuracyof0.05%in5seconds.13Subjectprominentvstopicprominent3.Microcomputerizedmeasuringsystem,fromwhichanI-Vcharacteristiccurvewithanaccuracyof0.05%in5secondsisacquired,isdeveloped.141.Microcomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdeveloped.AnI-Vcharacteristiccurvecanbeautomaticallyacquiredin5secondswithanaccuracyof0.05%.2.MicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdevelopedwhichcanbeautomaticallyproduceanI-Vcharacteristiccurvewithanaccuracyof0.05%in5seconds.3.Microcomputerizedmeasuringsystem,fromwhichanI-Vcharacteristiccurvewithaaccuracyof0.05%in5secondsisacquired,isdeveloped.15在6000平米展厅内，陈列的地毯品种多、规格全、选择余地大，将给中外客商耳目一新的感觉。161.Intheexhibitionhallwithafloorspaceof6000squaremeterscarpetsofvariousstyleandsizeswillbeondisplay,andthereisawiderangeforcustomerstochoosefrom.Domesticandoverseasbusinesspeoplewillsurelybeimpressedbythenumerousnewproducts.172.Inthe6000squaremetersexhibitionhallcarpetsofvariousstyleandsizeswillbeondisplay,withawiderangeforcustomerstochoosefrom,thusimpressingChineseandforeignbusinesspeople.183.Inthe6000squaremetersexhibitionhallcarpetsofvariousstyleandsizeswillbeondisplay,withawiderangetofacilitatecustomers’selection.TheseproductswillsurelyimpressChineseandforeignbusinesspeople.191.Intheexhibitionhallwithafloorspaceof6000squaremeterscarpetsofvariousstyleandsizeswillbeondisplay,andthereisawiderangeforcustomerstochoosefrom.Domesticandoverseasbusinesspeoplewillsurelybeimpressedbythenumerousnewproducts.2.Inthe6000squaremetersexhibitionhallcarpetsofvariousstyleandsizeswillbeondisplay,withawiderangeforcustomerstochoosefrom,thusimpressingChineseandforeignbusinesspeople.3.Inthe6000squaremetersexhibitionhallcarpetsofvariousstyleandsizeswillbeondisplay,withawiderangetofacilitatecustomers’selection.TheseproductswillsurelyimpressChineseandforeignbusinesspeople.20themeandrheme(1)•Inrecentlinguistics,theroleofaconstituentasforinstance,asubject,object,complement,oradverbialhasbeenunderstoodtooneoftherolesthatthatconstituentmayplayinthesentence.Howmanysuchrolesandlevelswewishtodistinguishisamatterofdispute.Inaprogrammaticpaperonathirdlevelsapproachtosyntaxfirstpublishedin1966,FrantisekDanesexpressedaviewwhichhasoftenbeenreadasacodificationofthePrague-schoolposition:everysentencehasasemanticstructure,agrammaticalstructure,andastructureofutteranceorganization.Thesemanticstructurehassubsequentlybeenexplicatedwiththeaidofdifferenttheories,forinstancebyChrlesFilloreintermsofsemanticroleslabeledas‘cases’;agent,patient,benefactor,locative,andsoforth.Intheseterms,thesyntacticroleofsubjectdoesnotnecessarilycoincidewiththesemanticroleofagent.•Thethirdlevelofstructure—thatofutteranceorganization-isbestapproachedwiththeaidofconceptssuchasthemeandrheme(ortopicandcomment,asmanylinguistsprefertocallthem),focus,andpresupposition.Thereisgreatdealofdisagreementamonglinguistsastohowconceptssuchasthemeandrheme,focus,andpresuppositionoughttobeapproachedanddefined.Tosomelinguists,themeandrhemearemattersofthedeepestsemanticlevelofstructure.ThustheSovietlinguistMelkukhasdistinguishedthematicandrhematicregionsofunderlyingnetworksofsemanticelements.AndPeterSgallofalsoreckonswiththemeandrhemeaspartoftheunderlyingsemanticrepresentation.Somescholarsrelyonpsychologicalintuitionsindefiningthemeaswhatoneistalkingorwritingabout,andthemeaswhatonesaysorwritesaboutthetheme.Othersequatethemeswitholdandfamiliarinformation,rhemeswitholdinformation.Yetothershavesoughtmoreunambiguousformalcriteriafortheirtheme-rhemedefinitions:themescomefirstinthesentence,rhemeslater.