contract合同法

ContractDefinition:anagreementbetweentwoormorepartiescreatingobligationsthatareenforceableorotherwiserecognizableatlaw.Contractscancoveranextremelybroadrangeofmatters.CISGName:UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsCISGFourParts:1.Generalprovisions,includingrulesonthescopeofitsapplicationsandrulesofinterpretation.2.Theformationofcontracts.CISGFourParts:3.Therightsandobligationsofbuyersandsellers.4.ProvisionsfortheratificationandtheentryintoforceoftheConvention.TransactionscoveredinCISG:Internationalsaleofgoods:thebuyerandthesellermusthavetheirplacesofbusinessindifferentstates.&TransactionscoveredinCISG:Either(1)bothofthestatesmustbecontractingpartiestotheconventionor;(2)Therulesofprivateinternationallawmustleadtotheapplicationofthelawofacontractingstate.TransactionscoveredinCISG:Optinginandout：Thepartiestoacontractmayexcludeormodifyitsapplicationbyachoiceoflawclause.TheymayalsousethesameclausetoexcludeadomesticlawandadoptCISGinitsplacedependsontherulesofthestatewherethecaseisheard.KeyIssue#1–TypesofContractsA.Basedonthetypeofevidencenecessarytoestablishthecontract:Anexpresscontractiscreatedbytheparties’words,eitheroralorwritten.Animpliedcontractiscreatedbytheparties’conducts.KeyIssue#1–TypesofContractsB.Basedontheobligationsnecessarytoestablishthecontract:Bilateralcontract(双务合同):Thepartiesexchangepromisestodosomefutureact.Unilateralcontract(单务合同):onepartyactsimmediatelyinresponsetotheoffer.KeyIssue#1–TypesofContractsQuasi-contract（准合同）isanequitableremedythatapplieswhenevertheapplicationofcontractlawyieldsanunfairorinequitableresult.•Quasi-contractisgovernedbyequitableconcepts.•Itprotectsagainstunjustenrichment(不当得利).KeyIssue#2–ApplicableLawUCCArt2appliesonlytoasaleofgoods(“goods”aremoveable,personalproperty)Thecommonlawappliestoallothercontracts.Formixedcontracts----lookforthemoreimportantelements.1.Icontracttobuyaparcelofland.2.AhiresBtobabysithiskids.3.EastAirlinesagreestosell4DC-9’stoUnitedAirlinesfor$60million.4.TomagreestosellhispenciltoTimfor$1.5.Marybuysthebook“GuidetoLegalEnvironmentofBusiness”,whichincludesafreeclass.QuestionsKeyIssue#3–ContractFormationLookfor3Stages:1.Whetherthereisanoffer(要约);2.Whethertheofferhasbeingterminated(终止)insomeway;3.Whethertheofferhasbeingaccepted.KeyIssue#3–ContractFormationFirstStage:offerAnofferisamanifestation(表示)ofanintentiontobebound,createdbywordsorconduct.KeyIssue#3–ContractFormationWhataretherequirementsforanoffer?(a)Clearexpressionofcontractualintention(b)Definitecontenttobecontainedinacontract(itneedstospecifythequantity,theprice,andwhocanaccept)(c)Successfulcommunicationtotheofferee(受要约人)KeyIssue#3–ContractFormationAninvitationtooffer（要约邀请）：Itissimplyanexpressionofwillingnesstoenterintonegotiationswhichmayleadtotheformationofacontractatalaterdate.Questions1.Auctionannouncement.Offer?2.KFCadvertisesinthePost:“Incredibleoffer!Breakfastspecialfor$2.49.”Offer?3.Selleragreestosellbuyeracarforareasonableprice.Offer?KeyIssue#3–ContractFormationSecondStageofAgreementProcess:TerminationofOfferEffectanoffercannotbeacceptedifithasbeenterminatedKeyIssue#3–ContractFormationFourMethodstoTerminate：1.LapseofTime(时效终止)2.Offeror’sRevocation（撤回）3.Offeree’sRejection(拒绝)4.DeathofEitherPartybeforeAcceptanceKeyIssue#3–ContractFormation1.LapseofTimeNoacceptancewassentbeforetheofferexpires.Example:OnMay15,IoffertosellJaneabikefor$500.MyofferprovidesthatitwillterminateonMay30.CanJaneacceptmyofferonJune2?KeyIssue#3–ContractFormation2.Offeror’sRevocationDirectrevocationastatementbytheofferortotheoffereeindicatingunambiguouslythattheofferorhaschangedhermind(butdonothavetoexplicitlyusetheword“Irevoke”or“revocation”)IndirectrevocationconductbytheofferorunambiguouslyindicatingachangeofmindANDthattheoffereeisawareofthatKeyIssue#3–ContractFormation2.Offeror’sRevocationRevocationofanofferisonlyeffectiveifitisreceivedbeforeacceptance.RevocationiseffectivethedayoffereereceivedIt.KeyIssue#3–ContractFormation2.Offeror’sRevocationGenerally,theofferorcanrevokeatanytimebeforeacceptance.Foursituationswhereanoffercannotberevoked:1.Option--apromisetokeeptheofferopenthat’spaidfor2.DetrimentalReliance--reasonableandforeseeable3.PartPerformance--enteraunilateralcontract4.FirmOfferunderArt2--Asigned,writtenpromisebyamerchanttokeepanofferopenKeyIssue#3–ContractFormationKeyIssue#3–ContractFormation2.Offeror’sRevocationFirmofferunderCISGCISG:thepromiseofirrevocabilitydoesnothavetobesigned,doesnothavetobeinwritingandthereisnotimelimitation.KeyIssue#3–ContractFormation3.Offeree’sRejectionRejectbyexplicitwords.Rejectbyacounteroffer(反要约),butnotabargaining.Rejectbyaconditionalacceptance.KeyIssue#3–ContractFormation3.Offeree’sRejectionExample:AofferstosellacartoBfor$5000.a.Bresponds,“Iwillonlypay$4900.”counterofferb.Bagreesontheconditionthatheistheonlyofferee.aconditionalacceptanceKeyIssue#3–ContractFormation4.DeathofEitherPartybeforeAcceptanceTheofferisterminatedatthetimeofone’sdeath.Itdoesnotmatterwhethertheotherpartyknowsaboutitornot.KeyIssue#3–ContractFormationThirdStage:Acceptance(