2012-Deixis-7

DeixisWeek7Deixis（指别、指示现象）Deixis:(fromGreek)anchoring,pointing(towardthecontext)phenomenon.grammaticalandlexicalfeatureswhichrelateutterancestothespatiotemporalco-ordinatesoftheactofutterance(J.Lyons:Semantics).Thelinguisticmeansusedinthisfunctionareknownasdeictics,indexicals(orindexical/deicticexpressions).（指示语）Examples:pronouns,demonstratives,timeandplaceadverbs,andsomegrammaticalcategoriessuchastense.TheoreticalstatusDeixisisthefirstareaofstudyinlinguisticpragmaticsthathascaughttheattentionofscholars.In1954,theIsraeliphilosopherYehoshuaBar-Hillelwroteanarticle“IndexicalExpressions”.Sincethenthestudyofindexicals,ordeictics,hasalwaysbeenoneofthecentraltopicsinpragmatics.TheegocentricityofdeixisDeicticexpressionsareanchoredtospecificpointsinthecommunicativeevent.Theunmarkedpoints,calledthedeicticcenter,aretypicallyassumedtobeasfollows(S.Levinson:Pragmatics):-thecentralpersonisthespeaker-thecentraltimeisthetimeatwhichthespeakerproducestheutterance-thecentralplaceisthespeaker’slocationatutterancetime-thediscoursecenteristhepointwhichthespeakeriscurrentlyatintheproductionofhisutterance-thesocialcenteristhespeaker’ssocialstatusandrank,towhichthestatusorrankofaddresseesorreferentsisrelativeI’mfinetoday.It’sraininghere.Ilovethisgame!I’mlovin’it!Deicticvs.Non-deicticDeictic:gestural/symbolicYou,you,butnotyou,aredismissed.(gestural)Whatdidyousay?(Symbolic)Non-deictic:anaphoric/non-anaphoricJackisastudent.HecomesfromBritain.Youcannevertellwhatsextheyarenowadays.Thereyougoagain./Therewego.Ididthisandthat.The2018CupwillmostlikelygotoaEuropeancountry.Englandmightseemtheobviouschoice.Thecountry’sstadiumsandinfrastructurecouldhostthetournamenttomorrowmorning.ClassificationofdeixisPersondeixisPlacedeixisTimedeixissocialdeixisdiscoursedeixisPersonDeixisDefinitionPersondeixisconcernstheroleofparticipantsinthespeecheventinwhichtheutteranceinquestionisdelivered.Itmainlyconsistsofpersonalpronouns.TwodimensionsDimension1,adistinctionofpersonbasedonthedistinctionofparticipantroles.Dimension2,adistinctionofnumber:thesingularandtheplural.Letus:willyou?Let’s:shallwe?We-inclusive-of-addresserWe-exclusive-ofaddresserWe-inclusive-of-addresseeWe-exclusive-of-addresseee.g.Inthispaper,we….Howdoestheuseofpersondeixismakethisadeffective?Personalnames,titles,kinshiptermsandformsforoccupationsmayalsobeusedtorefertothesecondandthirdpersons[but:theyarenotdeicticexpressions].E.g.John,dinnerisready.Mybackisaching,doctor.Billywantsanice-cream,Mummy.preemptiveusageofpersondeixisI–nameoftheperson.PronounPropernoun[whenthespeakerreferstohimself/herselfBut:sometimes,“I”isreplacedbyothermeans[anti-preemptiveusage].Whendoesthisoccur?TimeDeixisDefinitionTimedeixisconcernstheencodingoftemporalpointsandspansrelativetothetimeatwhichanutterancewasspoken.TwodistinctionsTimevs.Tense/Tensevs.AspectIloveit/i’mlovin’itTimedeixisisrelevanttovariousotherdeicticelementsinalanguage.E.g.Goodmorning./Goodnight.next/lastMonday/thenextMondaypreemptiveusageoftimedeixisTomorrow-WednesdayCalendrictime:absolutetimeDeictictime:relativetimeDeictictimecalendrictimeBut:Sometimes,weusecalendrictimeinsteadofdeictictime[anti-preemptiveusage].Whendoesthisoccur?PlaceDeixisDefinitionPlacedeixisconcernstheencodingofspatiallocationrelativetothelocationoftheparticipantsinthespeechevent.ThreetypesofplacedeixisSomepure-deicticwords,notablyinEnglishtheadverbshereandthere.E.g.--Bringthathereandtakethisthere.Demonstrativesthis,thatcanalsofunctionasplacedeictics.E.g.--Sitbythis/Standbythat./--Sitinthatchair.“老地方”Ineachofthefollowingpairsofutterances,whichexpressionitalicizedisuseddeicticallyandwhichisnot?Explaintheirdifferencesbriefly.(1a)Let’sgotoanearbyrestaurant.(1b)JohntookJanetoanearbyrestaurant.(2a)TherewasacaraccidentinNanjingyesterday.Alocaldriverwasfined500yuan.(2b)Whynotemployalocaldriver?Somemotionverbssuchascomeandgohavebuilt-indeicticcomponents.--Heiscoming.--WhenI’mintheoffice,youcancometoseeme.--Icameoverseveraltimestovisityou,butyouwereneverthere.Otherverbs?欢送周恩来回国。preemptiveusageofplacedeixishere-NanjingrelativelocationabsolutelocationBut:Sometimeswereplaceplacedeixiswithapropernameforabsolutelocation[anti-preemptiveusage].Whendoesthisoccur?DiscourseDeixis/TextualDeixisDefinition“theuseofexpressionswithinsomeutterancetorefertosomeportionofthediscoursethatcontainsthatutterance(includingtheutteranceitself)”----Levinsone.g.inthelastparagraph,inthenextchapter,Ibetyouhaven’theardthisstory.ThatwasthefunnieststoryI’veeverheard.“theotherwaysinwhichutterancesignalsitsrelationtosurroundingcontext”----Levinsone.g.anyway,however,well,besidesDiscourseDeixis&AnaphoraDistinction--DiscourseDeictic:Apronounreferstoalinguisticexpressionitself(achunkofdiscourse)e.g.Inthelastsection,wediscussed….Inthesectionbelow,we….--Anaphora:Apronounreferstothesameentityasapriorlinguisticexpression.(Co-referential)e.gJohngothomelateandhewasverytired.SocialDeixisDefinition:deictictermsindicatingsocialstatusoftheparticipantsinthediscourseandtheirrelationsPersonal