1-2,电力系统的部分接线如图1-2,各电压级的额定电压及功率输送方向表于图中。试求:(1)发电机及各变压器高低绕组的额定电压;(2)各变压器的额定变比;(3)设变压器T-1工作于+5%抽头,T-2,T-4工作于主抽头,T-3工作于-2.5%抽头时,各变压器的实际变比。解:(1)总的原则:发电机的额定电压比同电压级网络的额定电压高5%;变压器一次侧额定电压等于同电压级网络的额定电压高,二次侧额定电压比同电压级网络的额定电压高10%。其中,变压器受功率侧为一次侧,输功率侧为二次侧。发电机:kVVGN5.10变压器T—1:.242,5.1021kVVkVVNN变压器T—2:.5.38,121,220321kVVkVVkVVNNN变压器T—3:.11,3521kVVkVVNN变压器T—4:.121,22021kVVkVVNN(2)各变压器的额定变比变压器T—1:.0434.02425.10211NNNTVVk变压器T—2:818.112122021)21(2NNNTVVk714.55.3822031)31(2NNNTVVk143.35.3812132)32(2NNNTVVk变压器T—3:.182.31135213NNNTVVk变压器T—4:.818.1121220214NNNTVVk(3)各变压器的实际变比变压器T—1:.0431.0%)51(2425.10211VVkT变压器T—2:818.112122021)21(2VVkT714.55.3822031)31(2VVkT143.35.3812132)32(2VVkT变压器T—3:.102.311%)5.21(35213VVkT变压器T—4:.818.1121220214VVkT1-3,电力系统的部分接线如图1-3,网络的额定电压已经标明图中。试求:(1)发电机,电动机及变压器高,中,低压绕组的额定电压;(2)设变压器T-1高压侧工作于+2.5%抽头,中压侧工作于+5%抽头;T-2工作于额定抽头;T-3工作于-2.5%抽头时,各变压器的实际变比。解(1)发电机:网络无此电压等级,此电压为发电机专用额定电压,故kVVGN8.13。变压器T—1:一次侧与发电机直接连接,故其额定电压等于发电机的额定电压;二次侧额定电压高于网络额定电压10%,故T—1的额定电压为kV8.135.38121。变压器T—2:一次侧额定电压等于网络额定电压,二次侧额定电压高于网络额定电压10%,故T—2的额定电压为kV1135。变压器T—3:一次侧额定电压等于网络额定电压,二次侧与负荷直接连接,其额定电压应高于网络额定电压5%,因此T—3的额定电压为kVkV4.010]%)51(38.0[10。电动机:其额定电压等于网络额定电压kVVMN38.0。(2)各变压器的实际变比为变压器T—1:068.3%)51(5.38%)5.21(12121)21(1VVkT987.88.13%)5.21(12131)31(1VVkT929.28.13%)51(5.3832)32(1VVkT变压器T—2:.182.31135212VVkT变压器T—3:.375.244.0%)5.21(10213VVkT[例2-1]一条220kV的输电线,长180km,导线为LGJ-400(直径2.8cm),水平排列,相间距7m,求该线路的R,X,B,并画等值电路.解:电阻:kmSr/08.04005.3114.1418008.01lrR电抗:cmDeq88270027007003kmrDxeq/42.04.18.0882lg1445.08.0lg1445.016.7518042.01lxX电纳:kmSrDbeq/107.2104.1882lg58.710lg58.76661SlbB66110486180107.2等值电路:[例2-2]220kV架空线,水平排列,相间距7m,每相为2402LGJQ分裂导线,计算直径21.88mm,分裂间距400mm,求每相单位长度的电阻、电抗和电纳。解:电阻:kmSr/660.040225.311=电抗:757.62400288.219.0dDDssbmmDeq882070002700070003kmDDxsbeq/31.0757.628820lg1445.0lg1445.01电纳:151.66400288.21rdreqkmSrDbeqeq/10567.310151.668820lg58.710lg58.76661[例2-3]一长度为600km的500kV架空线路,使用4×LGJQ-400四分裂导线,611110.0187,0.275,4.0510,0rkmxkmbSkmg。试计算该线路的形等值电路参数。解(1)精确计算。66(0.01870.275)0.2756(86.11)4.0510906000.27564.0510(83.1190)20.633988.060.021460.6335()0.5()0.01730.59220.592488.330.5924llZzrjxjkmkmyjbSkmlzyljshleejshlKl88.330.93450.270.633988.06()0.5()0.80610.01272(1)0.3886176.321.0351.07()0.3755176.39llYchleejchlKlshl计算形等效电路参数:6330.93450.270.275686.11600154.53860382(2)1.0350.074.0510903001.2581089.931.25810ZYZKzlYKjblSSjS(2)使用近似算法计算。2262226311110.2754.05600100.8663311()0.9336111.03312(9.72153.9)24.05103001.0331.25510rxbrxkxblrkbxlxkxblZkrljkljYjSjS与准确计算相比,电阻误差-0.4%,电抗误差-0.12%,电纳误差-0.24%,本例线路长度小于1000km,用实用近似公式计算已能够满足精确要求。如果直接取1,)(11.22165)ZYKKlj11则Z=(r+jx这时,电阻误差达15%,电抗误差7%,电纳误差-3.4%,误差已较大。例2-4330kV架空线路的参数为,/0579.00kmr,/316.00kmx,00g./105.360kmsb试分别计算长度为100,200,300,400和500线路的π型等值参数的近视值,修正值和精确值。解首先计算100km线路的参数(一))6.3179.5(100)316.00579.0()(00`jjljxrZsjsjljbgY4600`1055.3100)1055.30()((二)修正参数计算9963.01001055.3316.031131126200lbxkr9982.0100]316.0/1055.30579.01055.3316.0[611)06112626200200(lxbrbxkx0009.11001055.3316.01211121126200lbxkb)5431.317686.5(100)316.09982.00579.09963.0()(00`jjljxkrkZxrssjljbkYb460`105533.31001055.30009.1(三)精确参数计算060000192.58255.300)2201.275914.299()1055.3/()316.00579.0()/()(jjjjjbgxrZckmbgxrjjjjj146000010)6355.09663.0()1055.3)(316.00579.0())((2410)6355.09663.0(10010)63555.109663.0(jjl计算双曲线函数。利用公式sh(x+jy)=shxcosy+jchxsinych(x+jy)=chxcosy+jshxsiny将l之值代入,便得222222210)6160.109609.0()106355.10sin()109633.0()106355.10cos()109633.0()106355.10109633.0(jjchshjshlsh2222222101026.09944.0)106355.10sin()109633.0()106355.10cos()109633.0()106355.10109633.0(jjshshjchlchII型电路的精确参数为sjsjjlshlchYjjjlshZZZcc422`10)5533.30006.0(5429.317684.5)1101026.09944.0(2)1(2`)5429.317684.5(10)6160.109609.0()2201.275914.299([例2-5]有一台SFL120000/110型的向10kV网络供电的降压变压器,铭牌给出的实验数据为:试计算归算到高压侧的变压参数。解由型号知,.110,20000kVVAkVSNN高压侧额定电压各参数如下:08.4102000011013510322322NNSTSVPR53.6310200001001105.1010100%32322NNSTSVVXssVPGNT6333201082.11011022101011110102.1310110100200008.010100%21632320NNTNNTVVssVSIBk8.0%,22,5.10%,13500IkWPVkWPss例2-6三相三绕组降压变压器的型号为SFPSL-120000/220,额定容量为120MVA/120MVA/60MVA,额定电压为:220kV/121kV/11kV,kWPS601)21(,kWPS5.182)31(,kWPS5.132)32(,85.14%)21(SV,25.28%)31(SV,96.7%)32(SV,kWP1350,663.0%0I,求变压器归算到220kV侧的参数,并作出等值电路。解:(1)求各绕组的电阻kWkWSSPSSPPPNNSNNSSS5.400])60120(5.132)60120(5.182601[5.0])()([212223)32(23)31()21(1同理可得:kWPkWPSS5.3295.20032电阻计算如下:346.112010002005.4001000222211NNSTSVPR107.1674.032TTRR(2)求各绕组电抗68.10%72.2%57.17%)%%(21%32)32()31()21(1SSSSSVVVVVV电抗计算:86.7012010022057.1