cultural bias (跨文化中的文化偏见英文ppt)

COMPARATIVECULTURALRESEARCH——CULTURALBIAS4123THECONCEPTOFCULTURALBIAS①CulturalDiversity/Bias/Prejudice/Stereotypes/Discrimination②CulturalBiasTHECULTURALBIASEXAMPLES①Language/Religion/Race/Ideology/newsmedia②Cases…THECAUSEOFTHECULTURALBIAS①Cross-culturalcontact②EmicandEtic③EthnocentrismCULTURALBIASRESOLUTION①Desireandnecessityforculturalbiastoberesolved②Understandingofpossiblebarrierstotheresolution③ThechoiceofmethodofculturalbiasresolutionCONTENTSWEHAVEADREAM…01THECONCEPTOFCULTURALBIASBeforewediscusstheculturalbiasweshouldtoknowafewrelatedconceptsandtheirrelationship.CulturalDiversity/Bias/Prejudice/Stereotypes/DiscriminationthentheCulturalBias.1.CulturalDiversityormulticulturalismisawaytodescribethepresenceofmanydifferentculturesinone'sowncountryandworld.Itrecognizesthepresenceandvalueofthelearnedbehaviors,beliefs,andothercharacteristicsofthemanyethnicgroupsaroundtheworldandacrossone'sownnation.2.Bias()isthehumantendencytomakesystematicerrorsinjudgmentorwhenmakingdecisionsbaseduponcertainthinking,thoughts,orpreconceivednotions.3.Astereotypeisapopularbeliefaboutspecificsocialgroupsortypesofindividuals.Stereotypesarestandardizedandsimplifiedconceptionsofgroupsbasedonsomepriorassumptions.1-1.THERELATEDCONCEPTEmotionsFeelingsCognitionBehavior4.Aprejudiceisaprejudgment,anassumptionmadeaboutsomeoneorsomethingbeforehavingadequateknowledgetobeabletodosowithguaranteedaccuracy.Thewordprejudiceismostcommonlyusedtorefertoapreconceivedjudgmenttowardapeopleorapersonbecauseofrace,socialclass,gender,ethnicity,homelessness,age,disability,politicalbeliefs,obesity,religion,sexualorientationorotherpersonalcharacteristics.Italsomeansbeliefswithoutknowledgeofthefactsandmayincludeanyunreasonableattitudethatisunusuallyresistanttorationalinfluence.1-1.THERELATEDCONCEPT5.Discriminationistheprejudicialtreatmentofapersonorpersonsbasedsolely['səʊll]ontheirmembershipinacertaingrouporcategory.Discriminationistheactualbehaviortowardsmembersofanothergroup.Itinvolvesexcludingorrestrictingmembersofonegroupfromopportunitiesthatareavailabletoothergroups.6.CulturalBiasistheprocesswherewetendtojudgeotherphenomenabasedonourownculturalpreferences,orbythenormsofaparticularculture.1-1.THERELATEDCONCEPT(Bias+Stereotypes)→Prejudice(sometimes)Prejudice+SocietalSupportorLackofProhibition→Discrimination(sometimes)Cross-culturalCommunication,misconceptions,prejudices,beliefs,countries.Evenlikebooks,movies,travel,food,orlifestyleandsoon.Language/Religion/Race/Ideology/newsmedia…Allofthose,introduceustothenon-familiaraspectsexistingintheworldoutside.SoCulturalbias,thus,isjustlikeviewingthe'other'with'our'glasseson.1-2.THERELATIONOFTHECONCEPTSAboveisjustinthesameculture,SowemayimaginethedifferentcultureseveninaHostileculturethenext.IWANTTOASK:WhoHasCulturalBiases,Stereotypes,Prejudices,andevenDiscriminations?WeAllDo!02THECULTURALBIASEXAMPLESCULTURALBIASoccursduetovariationsinthepatternsinwhichhumansinteract.Therearesystems(technical,linguistic,social,cultural,economic,andothers)thatareinherenttoparticulargroups.Itiswhenthereisexchangeofcommunication,orthroughanyexposuretoaforeignculturalenvironment,thatpeopletendtodevelopaculturalbias.•Psychologyispredominantlyawhite,Euro-Americanenterprise•64%ofpsychologicalresearchersfromUS•Insometexts,90%ofstudieshaveUSPPs•Samplespredominantlywhitemiddleclass•Butpsychologypurportstotellusabout‘humannature–canthisreallybetrue?2-1.THECULTURALBIASEXAMPLES2-1.THECULTURALBIASEXAMPLES•Moraldevelopment(Kohlberg克尔贝里)•Basedonahierarchyofdevelopmentalstages,stronglyinfluencedbyWesternindividualism&traditionofabstractmoralreasoning•Notanaccuratereflectionofmoralreasoninginsomeother(e.g.collectivist)cultures•Consequently,someculturesscore‘lower’onmoraldevelopmentwhentheyareactuallyjust‘different’.2-1.THECULTURALBIASEXAMPLES•WesternTheory,GlobalWorld:WesternBiasinInternationalTheory•AlexYoungSeptember10,201436(1)Summer2014,NorthAmerica,Perspectives,Science&Technology,Security,WorldinReview•Muchofthiswesternbiasisduetothehistoricalpoliticalandmilitarydominanceofthewest;historyiswrittenbythevictors,andpoliticalphilosophyseemstobetoo.•PerspectivesOnandBeyondAsiathatthevastmajorityofschoolsofthoughtininternationalrelationsareoutgrowthsofonewesternphilosophicaltraditionoranother.•Thereisnothinginherentlybiasedaboutappliedgametheory,butasitispracticedinmodernacademiccircles,thefieldprivilegeswesternersoverpeopleofotherbackgrounds.ReligionLanguageDresstoimpressDifferentcountriesDifferencesinDietaryPatternsDifferentColorsCULTURALBIASoccursineverydaylife:ReadingaScript,TechnologyorToolandInstrument,Ethnocentrism,Language,Education,News…Education、CurriculumStudentConductMethodofInstructionNewsMediaIdeologyNewsMediaCulturalBiasCase:TheculturalbiasinreportingisprevalentinmajorUSmediaoutlets.Forexample,on1stOctober,NBCnewsreportedthat“threeUSsoldiers”and“severalAfghanis”werekilledinasuicideattackinAfghanistan.Viewerswerenottoldthatthe“severalAfghanis”wereactually11humanbeings,includingfourpoliceofficers,aninterpreterandsixcivilians.Thispatterno