维多利亚时代简介(权威英文版)

EnglishLiteratureintheVictorianPeriodQueenVictoriaEnglishLiteratureintheVictorianPeriodVictoria:1819-1901QueenVictoriatookthronein1837(at18)Longreign,diedin1901(at82)andbecameoneofthemostpowerfulandsuccessfulrulersinEnglishhistory.Her63-yearreignwasthelongestinBritishhistory.GreatBritainreachedtheheightofitspowerduringthisperiod.EnglandbecamewealthiestnationAsaresult,thetimeofVictoria’sreignisoftencalledtheVictorianAge.Victoria’sachievementDuringtheVictoriaAge,greateconomic,social,andpoliticalchangesoccurredinBritain.Economically:Britainwentthroughaperiodofrapidindustrializationandenjoyedtremendousindustrialexpansionathome.Railroadsandlandscrisscrossedthecountry.Scienceandtechnologymadegreatadvances.Politically:ItbuiltagreatcolonialempireandtheBritishEmpirereachesitsheightandcoveredaboutthefourthoftheworld’sland.•“ThesunneversetsonEngland.”•Queen-empressover200millionpeoplelivingoutsideGreatBritain•India,NorthAmerica,SouthPacific,etc.Socially:Thesizeofthemiddle-classgrewenormously.Btthe1850s,moreandmorepeopleweregettingeducation.Thegovernmentintroduceddemocraticreforms.Forexample,anincreasingnumberofpeoplereceivedtherighttovote.ProblemsInspiteoftheprosperityoftheVictorianAge,factoryworkersandfarmworkerslivedinterriblepoverty.Richpeoplelivedonpoorpeoplewiththecoverofreligion.Englandwastwonations,onerichandonepoor.Newscientifictheoriesseemedtochallengemanyreligiousbeliefs.ThemostcontroversialtheoryappearedintheOriginofSpecies(1859)bythebiologistCharlesDarwinledmanypeoplefeelthattraditionalvaluescouldnolongerguidetheirlives.Writersalsoanalyzedthelossoffaithintraditionalvalues.CriticalRealismArealisticpresentationofthesufferingsoftheworkingclass,tothecriticismofEnglishinstitutions,andtotheeducationofthemasses.FeaturesofCriticalRealism1.Todisclosethegreedandhypocrisyoftheupperclassesandshowprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople2.TheuseofhumorandsatireintheEnglishrealisticnovelsof19thcentury.3.Stronglycriticalofthesocialrealityofthetimebutneverhadthethoughtofoverthrowingtheexistingsocialoverthattheycouldestablishanewone.4.oftenhavehappyendingoranimportantcompromisetocurrentsociety5.Sofarastheliteraryformorgenreisconcerned,themajorcontributionmadebythe19thcenturycriticalrealistsliesintheirperfectionofthenovel.TheVictorianNovelThenovelwasthedominantforminVictorianliterature.Victoriannovelsarerealistic.ThewritersinVictorianAgecriticizedthecourts,theclergy,andtheneglectofthepoor.CharlesDickens’OliverTwist,WilliamThackery’sVanityFairthethreeBronteSisters---JaneEyre,allthesewritersattackedthegreedandhypocrisytheysawinsociety,discusstherelationshipbetweensocietyandtheindividual.ImagesoftheVictorianPeriodMajorNovelistsofthePeriodCharlesDickens•OliverTwist•GreatExpectationsEmilyBronte•WutheringHeightsCharlotteBronte•JaneEyreThomasHardy•TessoftheD’Uberville’sGeorgeEliot(MaryAnnEvans)•SilasMarner•MiddlemarchVictorianPoetryAlwaysseemsinferiorwhencomparedtoRomanticismDevelopnewwaystotellstories—e.g.dramaticmonologueDonotshareRomantics’confidenceintheimaginationEmphasisonvisualimageryandsoundMajorPoetsofthePeriodLordAlfredTennysonRobertBrowningdramaticmonologueElizabethBarretBrowningThomasHardyVictorianPoetryDramaticmonologue–theideaofcreatingalyricpoeminthevoiceofaspeakerironicallydistinctfromthepoetisthegreatachievementofVictorianpoetry.VictorianDramaThetheaterwasaflourishingandpopularinstitutionduringtheVictorianperiod.Thepopularityoftheaterinfluencedothergenres.BernardShawandOscarWildetransformedBritishtheaterwiththeircomicmasterpieces.OtherWriter’softhePeriodBernardShaw•Pygmalion•Mrs.Warren’sProfession•MajorBarbaraCharlesDarwin•TheOriginoftheSpeciesNaturalselectionSurvivalofthefittestCharlesDarwin(达尔文）CharlesDickens(1812-1870)CharlesDickensPickwickPapers(1836-7)《匹克威克外传》OliverTwist(1837-1838)《奥利佛.退斯特》TheOldCuriosityShop(1841)《老古玩店》DombeyandSon:(1846_48)《董贝父子》DavidCopperfield:(1849-50)《大卫*科波菲尔》BleakHouse(1854)《荒凉山庄》HardTimes(1854)《艰难时世》LittleDorrit(1855-57)《小杜丽》ATaleOfTwoCities(1859)《双城记》GreatExpectations(1860_61)《远大前程》CharlotteBrontë(1816-1855)Emily(Jane)Brontë(1818-1848)AnneBrontë(1820-1849)BrontëSistersCharlotte,1816-1855Emily,1818-1848Anne,1820-1849BrontëSistersEmilyBrontëSistersCharlotteBronteBornofIrishancestryin1816•LivedatHaworth,aparsonage•MotherdiedofcancerwhenCharlottewas5yearsold.TheBrontesistersCharlottehad4sistersand1brother.WhileattheClergyDaughter’sSchool,her2oldersisters(Maria&Elizabeth)diedoftuberculosisCharlotte’sfamilycon.’tTheClergyDaughter’sSchoolatCowanBridgebecamethemodelforLowood,thefictitiousgirls’schoolinJaneEyre.AnneandEmilyBrontewerealsosuccessfulwriters.Charlotte’sbrother,Branwell,wasagiftedpainter.MoreonCharlotte’sFamilyIn1846,Charlotte&hersistersstartedpublishingpoemsandbeganwritingnovels:•TheProfessorwasCharlotte’sattempttofictionalizeherloveforacollegeprofessorshehadmetatBrussels.•In1847WutheringHeightswassisterEmily’sfirstsuccess.CharlottefollowedwithJaneEyre.All3BronteSisters…Usedamasculinepennamebecausewomenwriterswere