Language_Testing语言测试

LanguageTestingCourseintroductionSpringsemester,2014Whattobeexpected…HowtodesignatestCriteriaofagoodtestHowtogradeatestHowtoanalyzetestitemsHowtoanalyzestudents’performanceHowtoreporttheresultsofatestPreparation:MicrosoftExcel2003inyourcomputerBasicknowledgeaboutstatisticsWhydoweneedthiscourse?考试大国PracticalityInfluenceonteachingandlearning英语社会化考试CourseprojectTestdesignItemgradingItemanalysisTestreport80%offinalscoresClassroomquiz(20%)Itwillbegivenaroundweek8.IntroductionTesting:theuseoftests,orthestudyofthetheory&practiceoftheiruse,development,evaluation,etc.Test:–It’samethodofmeasuringalearner’scompetence(abilityorknowledge)inagivenarea(Brown,1994).RelationshipBetweentesting&teachingTesting&teachingarecloselyrelated.Testsmaybeconstructed–primarilyasdevicestoreinforcelearning(gearedtoteaching)–Primarilyasameansofassessingthestudent’sperformanceinthelanguage(Teachingisoftengearedlargelytothetest.)Testshavebothpositive&negativeeffectsonlearning&teaching.FunctionsofTestingFunctionsofTestingToplacestudentsinappropriateclassesinacourseorprogramTolocatestudents’strengthsandareasoflearningdifficultiesordiagnoseSs’needs&weaknessesToevaluateclassachievementattheendofatermoracourse(e.g.,graduateprogram)ToselectstudentsforcertaincoursesorprogramsTofindoutproficiency/progressClassificationofTestsTypesofTests(purposeoftests)ProficiencytestsAchievementtestsDiagnosticTestsPlacementTestsProficiencyTeststomeasurethelearner’scompetenceinaLanguageNotbasedonthecontentorobjectivesofalanguagecoursebutbasedoncertainspecifiedabilitiesthatsuccessfulcandidatesshoulddemonstratee.g.,CET4,TEM4,CambridgeExams,TOEFL,etcAchievementTests–degreeofsuccessinsomepastlearningactivity.Itislimitedtoparticularmaterialcoveredinacurriculumwithinaparticulartimeframe(Brown,1994).Eg.FinalsDiagnosticTests–tofindoutwhatlanguageskillsorknowledgethelearnerknowsandwhathe/shedosenotknowsoastodiagnosehis/herdifficultiesinlearning.PlacementTest–toputthelearnersatanappropriatelevelinacourseandsortnewstudentsintodifferentlevelsofteachinggroupssothattheycanreceivetrainingpropertotheirlevel.ApproachestotestconstructionDirecttesting:Indirecttesting:itrequiresthecandidatetoperformpreciselytheskillthatwewishtomeasure.itattemptstomeasuretheabilitiesthatunderlietheskillsinwhichweareinterested.Eg.Writingtasks,speakingtasksTestingtogrammar,MCtomeasurewritingability.Discretevs.integrativetestingaccordingtoapproachestotestconstruction–DiscretePointTesting(分立型测试）•onelanguageelementatatime(e.g.,grammar,vocabulary,reading,writing,etc)•theassumption–Lcanbebrokendownintoitscomponentpartsandadequatelytested.–IntegrativeTesting（综合型测试）•Alanguagetestthatattemptstotest/assessalearner’scapacitytouselanguage(manybitsallatthesametime(e.g.,Cloze,dictation)•theassumption–Lcompetencecannotbeseparatedrequiresthelearnertouseseverallanguageskillsatthesametime.Typesoftests:waysofinterpretingthetestresultsCriterion-referencedTests（标准参照性测试）•Criterion-referencedT:astudent’sscoreisinterpretedwithreferencetoanagreedcriterionscore•Eg.Testsfordrivinglicense,CET4.Norm-referencedTests(常规参照性测试）•Norm-referencedT:astudent’sscoreisinterpretedwithreferencetothescoresofotherstudentsorgroupofstudents.•NMETNorm-referencedtestsMeasuregloballanguageabilities(e.g.listening,readingspeaking,writing)ScoreonatestisinterpretedrelativetothescoresofallotherstudentswhotookthetestNormaldistributionNormalDistribution~stark/Java/NormHiLite.htm高考标准分算法：T=500+100ZNorm-referencedtestsStudentsknowtheformatofthetestbutdonotknowwhatspecificcontentorskillwillbetestedAfewrelativelylongsubtestswithavarietyofquestioncontentsCriterion-referencedtestsMeasurewell-definedandfairlyspecificobjectivesInterpretationofscoresisconsideredabsolutewithoutreferringtootherstudents’scoresDistributionofscoresneednottobenormalStudentsknowinadvancewhattypesofquestions,tasks,andcontenttoexpectforthetestAseriesofshort,well-definedsubtestswithsimilarquestioncontentsTypesoftestsintermsofscoring（5）ObjectivetestsSubjectivetestsWhatisanObjectivetest?Atestthatcanbemarkedwithouttheuseoftheexaminer’spersonaljudgment.Atestitemthatrequiresthechoiceofasinglecorrectanswer.ObjectiveTestItemsmultiplechoiceitemsthetrue-falseitemmatchingitemshortansweritemcompletionitemSubjectivetest&itsitemsSubjectiveteststhataremarkedaccordingtothepersonaljudgmentofthescorer.Theremaybeseveralpossibleanswersforeachquestion.Essayquestions–Restricted-responseessayQ.–Extended-responseessayQ.E.g.,–Composition–OraltestsTypesoftestsclassifiedbylinguisticlevelsandskills（7)Testsclassifiedbylinguisticlevelsincludetestofphonology,testofvocabulary,testofgrammar,etc.Testsclassifiedbyskillsincludelisteningtest,readingtest,oraltestandwritingtest.AssignmentPreviewChapter4Validity