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Productivity•Productivitymeanstheamountofproductorservicesproducedwiththeresourcesused.•生产率是商品和服务的产生的数量与所用资源的比率。不同的行业采用不同的衡量生产率。Asimplewaytothinkofbusiness’sproductivityisintermsof:•howmuchofaproductacompanyproduceoveracertainperiodoftime•一定时间内某个公司生产产品的数量•howmuchofaproductacompanysellsoveracertainperiodoftime•一定时间内某个公司产品的销售数量•howquicklyacompanyperformsacertainservice•公司服务提供的速度•howmanycustomersacompanyservicesoveracertainperiodoftime•一定时间内公司为多少客户提供服务•It’simportancetoknowhowhardemployeesareworkingandhowmuchtheyareproducing,Onewaytofindoutisthroughperformanceevaluationsandproductivitymeasurements生产率的衡量方法Acompanyshouldchooseaconvenientmeasureofproductivity,baseduponthetypeofoperationabusinessisinvolvedinandwhatitisproducing.Thecompanyalsoneedtochooseatimeframeinwhichtomeasureit.outputcanbemeasuredintermsof•volume•quantityofitemsproduced•dollarvalueofitemsproducedForexample,agraphicdesigner’sproductivitymayincludeaspectsofhowmanyjobsheorshecompletesinamonth,aswellashowquicklythejobswereproduced.Acompanythatbuildsandsellswidgets,onotherhand,mightmeasureproductivityintermsofthenumberofwidgetsbuiltandsoldoveramonth’stime.Manufacturingbusiness•Ifabusinessisinvolvedinmanufacturing,considerusingoutputperworker-hourornumberofworker-hoursrequiredtoproduceasingleproduct.Example•Ifacompanyhasfiveemployeeseachofwhomworks160hourspermonth,andtheyproduce100widgetsinamonth,thentheunitcostofawidgetis:•5employeesx160hours=800workerhours•Ifthecompanypayseachoftheworkers$8.00perhour,thentheproductioncostoftheuintis:•$8.00x800workerhours=$6400permonthServiceindustries•Ifabusinessisinaserviceindustryacompanymayhaveahardertimemeasuringproductivityduetothesomewhatintangiblenatureofproductinvolved.Professionalemployeescankeeppersonaltimesheetstoindicatethenumberofhoursspentonagiventask.Quantityofworkisapossiblemeasure,suchasnumberofservicecallsmadeperdayornumberofcontractswritten.Clericalricalworkerscanbegivenspecificamountsofworktodeterminetherelativetimeittakestocompleteagiventask.Salesperformance•Themosteffectivemeansofmeasuringperformancebysalesrepresentativesisbytakingintoaccountandmeasuringeachofthesefactors:Thevolumeofsalesindollarspergivenunitoftime:salesvolumebyitselfwillnotindicatehowmuchprofitorlosseachsalerepresents,asasalespersonmaymaketoomanyconcessionsorselltopoorcreditrisksinordertomakethesale.Thevolumeofsalesindollarspergivenunitoftime:salesvolumebyitselfwillnotindicatehowmuchprofitorlosseachsalerepresents,asasalespersonmaymaketoomanyconcessionsorselltopoorcreditrisksinordertomakethesale.Thenumberofnewaccountsopened.Thenumberofcallsmadeuponexitingaccountds:thenumberofcallsmadebyasalesrepresentativealonedosenotindicateifthoseaccountswithmostprofitpotentialarebeingserviced.Thedollaramountexpendedpersale:comparingsalesovergivenperiodsoftime.Saymonthlyperiodseachyear,willnotaccountsforchangesinproducts,prices,competition,orroutes.Othermethods•Acompanycanalsoobservetheamountoftimethatagroupofemployeesspendsoncertainactivities(suchasproduction,travel,oridletimespentwaitingformaterialsorreplacingbrokenequipment).Thelattermethodcandeterminewhethertheemployeesarespendingtoomuchtimeawayfromproductiononotheraspectsofthejobthatcanbecontrolledbythebusiness.Ifacompanyisusingmorethanonemeasureofproductivity,makesurethatthestandardsarecomparable.Also,aproductivitymeasurementbasedonthedollaramountgeneratedperactivityshouldallowforadjustmentininflationratesinordertocompareproductivityratesovervariousyears.•Onceacompanyhasfiguredouthowtomeasurethebusiness’sproductivity,itneedstodeterminewhetherproductivityiswhereitshouldbe.Thistaskcanbetricky,especiallyifacompanyisgettingthisinformationforthefirsttime.•Factorstotakeintoconsiderationare:•Thecostperunitcomparedwithprice•Itscompetitor’sproductivitylevels,costperunit,andpriceSomeofthisinformationmaybeavailablefromthetradeorindustryassociation,orthroughnetworkingwithcontactsinsimilarbusinesses.Onceacompanyhasestablishedabaselinemeasure,itcanassessproductivityperiodicallyandbeabletospottrendsandtrackprogressovertimeAfterithasassesseditssituation,whatcanacompanydotoimproveproductivity?Identifypotentialproblemareas.Thequalityofleadershipinthebusinesscanhaveaneffectonproductivity,somakesurethattheleaderofacompanyensurethatthebusinessisnotsufferingform:AninabilitytoadjuststaffsizeanddutiesduringlightorheavyworkloadperiodUnclearoruntimelyinstructionstoemployeesExcesstraveltimeTheunavailabilityofneededtoolsPoorco-ordinationofmaterialflowPoorplanningPoorschedulingofworkItbecomesachallengeforacompanytotapintothatdesireperformandmakeitworkforthebusiness.Inaword,thecompanyhastomotivateitsemployees.