英汉语言与文化对比最新版中西文化比较

LinesandCircles:AContrastiveStudyofWesternandChineseCulturesThislectureisbasedonanarticleofmineLinesandCircles,WestandEastpublishedsuccessivelyinEnglishToday(CambridgeUniversityPress),AsianStudies(OxfordUniversityPress),TheQuest(AnAmericanphilosophicaljournal)andSocialSciences(AChinesejournal).LinesandCircles:AContrastiveStudyofWesternandChineseCultures该讲座以本人的一篇同名论文为基准。这篇论文的英文版及中文版曾先后发表或转载于剑桥大学出版社的《今日英语》、牛津大学出版社的《亚洲研究》、美国哲学刊物《求索》及中国刊物《社会科学》。环与线——中西文化比较ARiskyandControversialTopic.Cultureisapervasiveconcept.文化是一个极为宽泛的概念。Cultureisadynamicprocess.文化是一个动态的过程。Culturaldifferenceisrelative.文化差异是相对的。Whatisculture?Cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,law,morals,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.--EdwardTylor(1871)(aBritishanthropologist)Whatisculture?Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicitofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentinartifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditional(historicallyderivedandselected)ideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues.Culturesystemsmay,ontheonehand,beconsideredasproductsofaction,ontheotherhand,asconditioningelementsoffutureaction.—AlfredKroeberandClydeKluckhohn(twoAmericananthropologists,1961)WhatisCulture?Cultureistheacquiredknowledgethatpeopleusetointerpretexperienceandtogeneratebehavior.--J.P.SpradleyCulturereferstothetotalpatternofhumanlearnedbehaviortransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.--SalzmannWhatisculture?Cultureisthetotalrangeofactivitiesandideasofagroupofpeoplewithsharedtraditionswhicharetransmittedandreinforcedbymembersofthegroup.--CEDCultureistheartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively.--IODWhatisCulture?Cultureisthetotalpatternofhumanbehavioranditsproductsembodiedinthought,speech,actionandartifacts.Cultureisacomplexoftypicalbehaviororstandardizedsocialcharacteristicspeculiartoaspecificgroup.--WNIDCharacteristicsofCultureNon-natural（非自然性）Non-individual（非个人性）Non-innate（非先天性）Regionalandtrans-regional（地域性与超地域性）Epochalandtrans-epochal（时代性与超时代性）EssentialsofCultureExternal（外在文化/有形文化）*behavior–language,gestures,customs*products–literature,folklore,art,music,artifactsInternal（内核文化/无形文化）*ideas–beliefs,values,moralsEssentialsofCultureDead（死文化）*products(achievements)–literature,folklore,art,music,artifacts,architectureLiving（活文化）*ideas–beliefs,values,morals*behavior–language,gestures,customsProducts/SymbolsBehaviorsValuesAssumptionsLayersofCultureCultures:UniversalityandIndividuality文化的共性与个性Commonalityofhumannature人性趋同Penetrativenessandfusibility渗透性及可融性Accumulationandtradition积淀与传统LinearityandCircularity线性与环性Contrastinrespectof:Worldview（宇宙观）Corevalues（核心价值观）OutlookonArts(艺术观)Outlookontime（时间观）Modesofthinking（思维模式）Linguisticexpression（语言表达）Howistheworldobservedandviewedinbothcultures?ManandNature1.Worldview宇宙观Lineardivisionandcircularenclosure（线分环合）Western:onedividingintotwo(一分为二)Chinese:twocombiningintoone(合二为一)Opposites:Western:independenceandoppositionChinese:interdependenceandintegrationAncientGreekPhilosophersThales泰勒斯（624–547BC）Heracleitus赫拉克利特（540–480BC）Plato柏拉图（427–347BC）LineardividingphilosophyThales,thefirstGreekphilosopherElementVs.Soul(元素与灵魂）Heracleitus,oneofthefoundersofdialectics(辩证法的奠基人)MaterialVs.Spirit（物质与精神）Plato柏拉图ThedevelopmentofwesternphilosophyisaseriesoffootnotestoPlato.--Whitehead西方哲学的发展是对柏拉图的一系列脚注。——怀海德Plato柏拉图Plato’sdistinctionbetweenthesensibleworldandtheidealworld柏拉图关于感觉世界与理念世界的区分Plato’sTheoryofFormscontrastsrealitywithphenomena;soulwithbody;knowledgewithopinion;reasonwithsensation;andrationalitywithemotion.柏拉图的理念论把实在和现象、灵魂和肉体、知识和意见、理性和感觉、理智和激情相对应。ModernPhilosophersDescartes笛卡尔(1596–1650)Kant康德(1724–1804)Russell罗素(1872–1970)Philosopher:Descartes（French)Substancedualism（实体二元论）:mattervs.mind（物质与心灵）Descartesdividedtheworldintoextendedsubstance(matter)andthinkingsubstance(mind),andthesetwohavemutuallyincompatibleproperties.Accordinglythesoulisentirelydistinctfromthebody.笛卡尔把世界划分为广延的实体(物质)和能思维的实体(心灵)，这两种实体的性质是不相容的。因此，灵魂与身体是截然区分的。Kant（康德,German）Phenomenalworldvs.noumenalworld（现象世界与本体世界）Russell（罗素,British）Causaldualism（因果二元论）:physicalcausallawsvs.psychologicalcausallaws（物理因果律与心理因果律）ChristianityandBibleChristianity:GodandManGodcreatesManandMansinsagainstGod.Godoccupiesadominantposition.ThemeofBible:HumanredemptionWest:lineardivisionScientist:Archemedes（阿基米德,287~212BC）Givemebutonefirmspotonwhichtostand,andIwillmovetheearth.TaoconsistsinYinandYang.TheBookofChanges(600BC)《易经》：一阴一阳之谓道。Chinese:circularenclosurePhilosophicalConcept:Tao（道）TaogavebirthtotheOne;theOnegavebirthsuccessivelytotwothings,threethings,uptotenthousand.Thesetenthousandcreaturescannotturntheirbackstotheshade(Yin)withouthavingthesun(Yang)ontheirbellies,anditisthisblendingofthebreaths(YinandYang)thattheirharmonydepends.TranslatedbyArthurWaley老子：道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳,冲气以为和。《道德经》第42章LaoTzu（571-471BC)天地与我并生，而万物与我为一。Heavenandearthco-existwithme,andIamidentifiedwitheverythingintheuniverse.