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RenaissanceI.GeneralIntroduction★Renaissance—generallyreferstowesterncivilizationintheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.★Renaissance—meansrevival,especiallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestsinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance,therefore,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.★DuringtheperiodofRenaissance,oldsciencerevivedandnewscienceemerged,nationallanguagesandnationalculturesfreefromtheabsolutecontrolofthepapalauthorityinRometookshapeandartandliteratureflourishedasneverbefore.★RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.★Indifferentcountries,themovementoccurredindifferentperiodswithdifferentemphasis.◆Italy—fineartsLeonardodaVinci(达芬奇)MichelangeloBuonarroti（米开朗基罗）Raphael（拉斐尔）◆France—LiteratureMichelEyquesdeMontaigne（蒙田）◆England—philosophyanddramaWilliamShakespeare（莎士比亚）FlorenceVeniceII.RenaissanceinItaly2.1Historicalbackground★Becauseofitsgeographicalposition,foreigntradedevelopedearlyinItaly.ThisbroughtItalyintocontactwithotherculturesandgaverisetourbaneconomyandhelpedItalytoaccumulatewealthwhichwasanessentialfactorforthefloweringofartandliterature.★Fromthe11thcentury,citiesbegantoriseincentralandnorthernItaly.★Astimewenton,thecountrywasdividedintocity-estatethatwereruledbyprincesofcommercemaintainingadelicatebalanceofpowerbetweenoneanother,andanalliancethatwascomparabletomoderninternationalrelations.★Towardsthe15thcenturytherewereamongthecity-estatesfivemainones—theDuchyofMilan,theRepublicofFlorenceandVenice,thepapalstatesandthekingdomofVenice.★Fortwocenturiesbeginningfromthelate15thcentury,Florencewasthegoldencitywhichgavebirthtoawholegenerationofpoets,scholars,artistsandsculptors.TherewasinFlorencearevivalofinterestinclassicallearningandrisingofhumanistideas.Andtospreadthenewideas,libraries,academieswerefounded.Printingwasinvented.★TheRenaissancereacheditsheightinthe16thcenturywithitscentermovingtoMilan,thentoRome,andcreatedHighrenaissance(1490-1530).Meantimebythebeginningofthe16thcentury,Venetianarthadcomeintobeinginfullglory.2.2Theriseofhumanism★AswealthgrewinItaly,therewasanincreasinginterestinotherpursuits.Universities,libraries,academiesweresetupforscholasticstudies.Therewastimeandmoneyforthingsofbeautyandbreathsofart.★IntellectualswhousedtohelptrainingpriestsandspreadingdoctrinesofChristianfaithbecamecloselytiedupwithanewphilosophyandcultureinharmonywiththeirneedsandaspiration.★AttheheartoftheRenaissancephilosophywastheassertionofthegreatnessofman.ThisisbestsummarizedinthelinesofShakespeare.131).★Relatedtothisisthebeliefinthepromotionofwealth,pleasureandafrankadmirationforthebeautyofhumanbody.Thisranexactlycountertothemedievalascetical(苦行的)idealofpovertyandstoicism(克制),andshiftedman’sinterestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,fromheaventoearth,frombeautyofGod,andtheHouseofgodtothebeautyofthehumanbodyinallitsjoysandpains,sensesandfeelings.★Theearliesthumanists,however,werescholarsinFlorencewhohadgreatinterestsinthestudyofclassiclanguage,literatureandphilosophy.★ThephilosophyofhumanismisreflectedintheartandliteratureinItalyandtherestofEurope,topassdownasthebeginningofhistoryofmodernman,who,insteadofbroodingaboutdeathandtheotherworld,livesandworksforthepresentandfutureprogressofmankind.2.3LiteratureGiovanniBoccaccio(1313-1375)Boccaccio’sgreatestworkwastheDecameron(《十日谈》),writteninhismiddleyears.Thebookisacollectionof100talestoldbysevenyoungladiesandthreeyounggentlemenontheirwaytoescapetheBlackDeathof1348.Thetalesarewitty,licentious(放荡的),fullofpraisesoftrueloveandwisdomandalsosatireonthehypocrisyofthepriestandthearistocrat.WiththeDecameronthecourtlythemesofmedievalliteraturebegantogivewaytothevoiceandmoresofearlymodernsociety.ItisthegreatestachievementofprosefictionintheMiddleAges.2.4Renaissanceart★AradicalbreakwithmedievalmethodsofrepresentingthevisibleworldoccurredinItalyduringthesecondhalfofthe13thcentury.However,aftertheBlackDeathof1348therecameamarkeddecline.Itwasnotuntiltheseconddecadeofthe15thcenturythattherewasadecidedbreakwiththemedievalpictorialtradition.★ThetraditionofRenaissancearthasthefollowingfeatures:◆Artbrokeawayfromthedominationofthechurch.◆ThemesofpaintingschangedfrompurelycelestialrealmfocusingonthestoriesoftheBible,ofGodJesusandMarytoanappreciationofallaspectsofnatureandman.◆TheartistsstudiedtheruinsofRomanandGreektemplesandputmanyoftheprinciplesofancientcivilizationsintotheirworks.Theybegantobesupportedbyindividualcollectors.◆Artistsintroducedintheirworksscientifictheoriesofanatomy(解剖学)andperspective.★HighRenaissanceArtists◆LeonardoDaVinci(1452-1519)LeonardodaVinciwasapainter,asculptor,anarchitect,amusician,anengineer,andascientist.Hewasamanofmanytalents,aRenaissancemaninthetruesenseoftheword.HisbestpaintingsincludeLastSupperandMonaLisa.Man