雅思之路阅读真题

CandidateNumberCandidateName______________________________________________INTERNATIONALENGLISHLANGUAGETESTINGSYSTEMAcademicReadingPRACTICETEST21hourTime1hourINSTRUCTIONSTOCANDIDATESDonotopenthisquestionpaperuntilyouaretoldtodoso.Writeyournameandcandidatenumberinthespacesatthetopofthispage.Readtheinstructionsforeachpartofthepapercarefully.Answerallthequestions.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.Useapencil.Youmustcompletetheanswersheetwithinthetimelimit.Attheendofthetest,handinboththisquestionpaperandyouranswersheet.INFORMATIONFORCANDIDATESThereare40questionsonthisquestionpaper.Eachquestioncarriesonemark.©TheBritishCouncil2012.Allrightsreserved.1READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1–13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onthefollowingpages.Questions1–7ReadingPassage1hassevenparagraphs,A–G.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i–x,inboxes1–7onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsiAuniquesensoryexperienceiiGettingbacktobasicsiiiThegiftthatkeepsongivingivVariationsinalcoholcontentvOldmethodsoftransportationviCulinaryapplicationsviiMakingkefirviiiAfortunateaccidentixKefirgetsanimagemakeoverxWaystoimprovetaste1SectionA2SectionB3SectionC4SectionD5SectionE6SectionF7SectionG©TheBritishCouncil2012.Allrightsreserved.2TheMAGICofKEFIRATheshepherdsoftheNorthCaucasusregionofEuropewereonlytryingtotransportmilkthebestwaytheyknewhow–inleatherpouchesstrappedtothesideofdonkeys–whentheymadeasignificantdiscovery.Afermentationprocesswouldsometimesinadvertentlyoccurenroute,andwhenthepoucheswereopeneduponarrivaltheywouldnolongercontainmilkbutratherapungent,effervescent,low-alcoholicsubstanceinstead.Thisunexpecteddevelopmentwasablessingindisguise.Thenewdrink–whichacquiredthenamekefir–turnedouttobeahealthtonic,anaturally-preserveddairyproductandatastyadditiontoourculinaryrepertoire.BAlthoughtheirexactoriginremainsamystery,wedoknowthatyeast-basedkefirgrainshavealwaysbeenattherootofthekefirphenomenon.Thesegrainsarecapableofaremarkablefeat:incontradistinctiontomostotheritemsyoumightfindinagrocerystore,theyactuallyexpandandpropagatewithuse.Thisisbecausethegrains,whicharegranulartothetouchandbearaslightresemblancetocauliflowerrosettes,houseactiveculturesthatfeedonlactosewhenaddedtomilk.Consequently,abiggerproblemformostkefirdrinkersisnotwheretosourcenewkefirgrains,butwhattodowiththeonestheyalreadyhave!CThegreatthingaboutkefiristhatitdoesnotrequireamanufacturinglineinordertobeproduced.Grainscanbesimplythrowninwithabatchofmilkforripeningtobegin.Themixturethenrequiresacool,darkplacetoliveandgrow,withperiodicunsettlingtopreventclumping(Caucasusinhabitantsbeganstoringtheconcoctioninanimal-skinsatchelsonthebackofdoors–everytimesomeoneenteredtheroomthemixturewouldgetlightlyshaken).Afterabout24hourstheyeastculturesinthegrainshavemultipliedanddevouredmostofthemilksugars,andthefinalproductisthenreadyforhumanconsumption.©TheBritishCouncil2012.Allrightsreserved.3DNothingcomparestoaperson’sfirstencounterwithkefir.Thesmooth,uniformconsistencyrollsoverthetongueinamannerakintoliquefiedyogurt.Thesharp,tartpungencyofunsweetenedyogurtistheretoo,butthereisalsoaslighthintofeffervescence,somethingmostuserswillhavepreviouslyassociatedonlywithmineralwaters,sodaorbeer.Kefiralsocomeswithasubtlearomaofyeast,anddependingonthetypeofmilkandripeningconditions,ethanolcontentcanreachuptotwoorthreepercent–aboutonparwithadecentlager–althoughyoucanexpectaround0.8toonepercentforatypicalday-oldpreparation.Thiscanbringoutatinyedgeofalcoholinthekefir’sflavour.EAlthoughithasprevailedlargelyasafermentedmilkdrink,overtheyearskefirhasacquiredanumberofotheruses.Manybakersuseitinsteadofstarteryeastinthepreparationofsourdough,andthetangyflavouralsomakeskefiranidealbuttermilksubstituteinpancakes.Kefiralsoaccompaniessourcreamasoneofthemainingredientsincoldbeetrootsoupandcanbeusedinlieuofregularcow’smilkongranolaorcereal.Asawaytokeeptheirdigestivesystemsfine-tuned,athletessometimescombinekefirwithyoghurtinproteinshakes.FAssociatedforcenturieswithpicturesofSlavicbabushkasclutchingashawlinonehandandacupofkefirintheother,theunassumingbeveragehasbecomeaminorcelebrityofthenascenthealthfoodmovementinthecontemporaryWest.Everyday,morestudiespouroutsupportingthebenefitsofadiethighinprobiotics1.Thistrendtowardconsumingprobioticshasengulfedtheleisureclassesinthesecountriestothepointthatitispoisedtobecome,accordingtosomecommentators,“thenextmultivitamin”.Thesedaysthewordkefirisconsequentlymorelikelytobringtomindglamorous,yogamat-totingwomenfromLosAngelesthanausterevisionsofblusteryEasternEurope.GKefir’sriseinpopularityhasencouragedproducerstotakeshortcutsoraltertheproductionprocess.Somehomeusershaveomittedtheripeningandculturationprocesswhilecommercialdealersoftenaddthickeners,stabilisersandsweeteners.1Probiotic=substancecontainingbeneficialandintestine-friendlymicroorganisms©TheBritishCouncil2012.Allrightsreserved.4Butthebeautyofkefiristhat,atitshealthiestandtastiest,itisaremarkablyaffordable,unclutteredprocess,asanyaccidentalinventionisboundtobe