语言学morpheme

Chapter33.1WhatisMorpheme?什么是语素？•3.1.1MorphemeandMorphology语素和形态学•3.1.2TypesofMorphemes语素的类型•3.1.3MorphologicalchangeandAllomorph形态学的变化和词素变体•Wesawthatsomewordscanbeanalyzedintosmallercomponents.•Ex.•chairmanchair,man•townhalltown,hall•boysboy,-s•checkingcheck,-ing•disappointmentdis-,appoint,-ment1、Morphemes语素•Definition:Thesmallestunitoflanguageinregardtotherelationshipbetweensoundingandmeaning,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning.语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步划分为更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变其词汇意义或语法意义。suchas:chair,dog,cupandsoon.2.Morphology形态学•Morphology:Thesystematicstudyofmorphemeisabranchoflinguistics.形态学是语言学的一个分支。•Itstudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.它研究词的内部结构和构造规则。•E.G.•purifypur(e),-ify•amplify(放大)simplify(简单化)electrify(充电)falsify(伪造)Anewverbcanbecreatedbyadding-ifytoanadjective.•3.1.1MorphemeandMorphology语素和形态学•3.1.2TypesofMorphemes语素的类型•3.1.3MorphologicalchangeandAllomorph形态学的变化和词素变体1、FreemorphemeandBoundmorpheme自由语素和黏着语素A.Freemorphemes:Thosethatmayoccuralone,thosewhichmaymakeupwordsbythemselves.(可以单独出现，独自构成单词。)E.g.dog,nation,closemono-morphemicwords（单语素词）.Allmono-morphemicwordsarefreemorphemes.Compounds（复合词）:therearepolymorphemicwords(多语素词),whichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes.e.g.paymaster,moonwalk,babysit,godfather,sunflower.B.Boundmorphemes(黏着语素):Theycannotoccuralone.(不能单独出现)Theymustappearwithatleastonedifferentmorpheme.（至少有一个不同的语素）e.g.dogs,national,disclose.distempereddistemper-edboundmorphemesfreemorphemes2.Root,affixandstem词根，词缀，词干A.Root（词根）:thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaning,thatistosay,itisthatpartofthewordthatisleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.(词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再作进一步分析而不破坏其意义。也就是说，把一个词的所有词缀去掉之后的部分就是词根。)eg:friendasinunfriendliness.Allwordscontainarootmorpheme.所有的词都至少包含一个词根词素。Rootsmaybe–Free（自由语素）:thosethatcanstandbythemselves,eg:blackinblackboard,blackbird;–Bound（黏着语素）:thosethatcannotstandbythemselveseg:-ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive.B.Affix（词缀）:isacollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme（therootorstem).词缀是那些只能附着于另一个词素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称。Normallydividedinto:–prefix(dis-,un-)前缀dislikeundo–suffix(-ize,-tion)后缀colonizerevolution–Infix（-ee-）中缀feetAwordrootprefixsuffixdetermineThemeaningofawordchangeThemeaningofaworddetermineThecharacteristicofawordC.Stem词干anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemetowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.词干是指能够附加上屈折词缀的语素或语素组合friendsfriendfriendshipsfriendship•请看课本54图3、Inflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix屈折词缀和派生词缀A.Inflectionalaffixesveryoftenonlyaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalmeaningtothestem.屈折词缀常常在词干后面添加一个微小的或微妙的语法意义。例如：toys,walks,Jonh’s,Derivationalaffixesoftenchangethelexicalmeaning.派生词缀常常改变词汇意义.B..InflectionalaffixesdonotchangetheWordclasstheyattachto.屈折词缀不改变词类。Derivationalaffixesmightchangethewordclass派生词缀可能改变词类C.InflectionalaffixesareconditionedbyNonsemanticlinguisticfactorsoutsidethewordtheyattachtobutwithinthephraseorsentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语或句子之内。Eg.Theboylikesto…Likes就是由句子的主语决定的。Derivationalaffixesaremoreoftenbasedonsimplemeaningdistinctions.派生词缀更多是根据简单的意义区别。例如，clever和cleverness之间的选择依赖于我们要谈论性质“clever”还是要谈论处于聪明的状态“cleverness”D.Inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes.屈折词缀绝大部分是后缀。如：drums,walks,Mary’sDerivationalaffixescanbeprefixesorsuffixes.派生词缀可以是前缀也可以是后缀。E.g.depart,online,teacher,workable•3.1.1MorphemeandMorphology语素和形态学•3.1.2TypesofMorphemes语素的类型•3.1.3MorphologicalchangeandAllomorph形态学的变化和词素变体Allomorph•Anallomorph(词素变体)isanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.同一语素在不同环境中出现时的不同表现形式。Allomorphsinprefixesmorphemenegativemorphemein-morph1:immorph2:irmorph3:ilimpossibleirregularillegalAmorphememaytakevariousshapesorforms.Allomorphsinsuffixmorphemenounmorpheme-ionmorph1:tionmorph2:ationmorph3:siondescriptionmodernizationdecision[describe][modernize][decide]•-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationarethepositionalvariantsofthesamesuffix.allomorphsOtherinstancesaresuchasthevariationofpluralforms（复数形式）ofnouns:e.g.–s,-es,-en,-ee-,andsooncatdoghorse[s][z][iz]morphememorphmorphmorphPLURALMorphologicalchange形态变化研究当代词汇与古词汇的不同inflectionalchangesinaffix屈折词缀的不同e.g.第三人称单数做主语一般现在时动词形式ancientformpresentform-eth-s,-esdodo(e)thdoesgogoethgoesfindfindethfindsThechangeofverbformandpluralformofnoun名词复数形式的变化•seedes/wayesseeds/ways•Thou,ye,yeeyou•Thyyour第二人称单数做主语一般现在时动词形式ancientformpresentform-est原形dodo(e)st原形playplayest原形hearhearest原形thepossessivecase所有格变化古词汇中多用名词加-’s表示，现在我们通常用：“ofphrase”表示无生命物体的所有格。但现在也有趋势重新使用以前的表达方法。如：university’scampusorChina’smodernization.theQueenofEngland’scrown这种表达也不再算语法错误。古时候的表达为theQueen’scrownofEngland.ThankYou!