新编研究生综合英语教程UNIT8(潘海英)

新编研究生综合英语教程AdvancedEnglishforGraduateStudents:GeneralSkills&AcademicLiteracyUnitEightEducationTextATheMOOCBubbleandtheAttackonPublicEducationTextBUniversitiesandTheirFunctionIfapracticalendmustbeassignedtoaUniversitycourse,itisthatoftraininggoodmembersofsociety.Itsartistheartofsociallife,anditsendisfitnessfortheworld.Itneitherconfinesitsviewtoparticularprofessionsontheonehand,norcreatesheroesorinspiresgeniusontheother.Butauniversitytrainingisthegreatbutordinarymeanstoagreatbutordinaryend;itaimsatraisingtheintellectualtoneofsociety,atcultivatingthepublicmind,atpurifyingthenationaltaste,atsupplyingtrueprinciplestopopularenthusiasmandfixedaimstopopularaspiration,atgivingenlargementandsobrietytotheideasoftheage,atfacilitatingtheexerciseofpoliticalpower,andrefiningtheintercourseofprivatelife.OverviewItistheeducationwhichgivesamanaclear,consciousviewofhisownopinionsandjudgments,atruthindevelopingthem,aneloquenceinexpressingthem,andaforceinurgingthem.❶❶ItisfromthebookTheIdeaofaUniversitybyJohnHenryNewman,BackgroundInformationPre-readingQuestionsTextATheMOOCBubbleandtheAttackonPublicEducationVocabularyExercisesTextATheMOOCBubbleandtheAttackonPublicEducationContents1.InformationaboutMOOCs2.AttitudetowardsMOOCs3.CulturalBackgroundInformationBackgroundInformationl.ComprehensionIIWordStudyIIIClozeVWritingExercisesIVTranslation•IComprehension•1.AnswerQuestions•2.ParaphraseIVTranslation1.EnglishTranslation2.ChineseTranslationMOOC-MassiveOpenOnlineCourse1.Massive,open,onlinecourses(knownasMOOCs)areshortcoursesthataredeliveredonlineforfree.Theydon'thaveanyentryrequirementsandareopentoanyoneanywhereintheworldwithaninternetconnection.MOOCsletyoutofitlearningintoyourlife.Theygiveyoutheflexibilitytochoosewhenandwhereyoustudy-supportingyoutomanageyourstudiesalongsideyourworkorothercommitments.IfyouhaveaninternetconnectionMOOCsallowyoutoaccessqualityeducationforfree.Background1.InformationabouttheMOOCs2.MOOCsareclassesthataretaughtonlinetolargenumbersofstudents,withminimalinvolvementbyprofessors.Typically,studentswatchshortvideolecturesandcompleteassignmentsthataregradedeitherbymachinesorbyotherstudents.Thatwayaloneprofessorcansupportaclasswithhundredsofthousandsofparticipants.Background1.InformationabouttheMOOCs3.AMOOCisamodelofeducationaldeliverythatis,tovaryingdegrees,massive,open,online,andacourse.MostMOOCsarestructuredsimilartotraditionalonlinehighereducationcoursesinwhichstudentswatchlectures,readassignedmaterial,participateinonlinediscussionsandforums,andcompletequizzesandtestsonthecoursematerial.Theonlineactivitiescanbeaugmentedbylocalmeet-upsamongstudentswholivenearoneanother.MOOCsaretypicallyprovidedbyhighereducationinstitutions,ofteninpartnershipwith“organizers”suchasCoursera,edX,andUdacity,thoughsomeMOOCsarebeingoffereddirectlybyacollegeoruniversity.MOOCsarisefromtheconfluenceofseveralimportanttrends,andtheyraiseimportantquestionsandsparkessentialconversationsaboutcurriculumdesign,accreditation,whatconstitutesavalidlearningexperience,andwhohasaccesstohighereducation.Background1.InformationabouttheMOOCs1.AdvocatesofMOOCshavebigambitions,andthatmakessomecollegeleadersnervous.They'reespeciallyworriedabouthavingtocompetewithfreecoursesfromsomeoftheworld’smostexclusiveuniversities.Ofcourse,westilldon'tknowhowmuchthecourseswillchangetheeducationlandscape,andthereareplentyofskeptics.Background2.AttitudetowardsMOOCs2.MOOCs,ascurrentlydesigned,addresstwoofthethreechallengesfacingpostsecondaryeducation:accessandcost.MOOC-baseddegreeprogramswouldnotonlydemocratizeeducation,buttheirscalabilitywouldhelpendtheunsustainabletrajectoryoftuition.Theyareaneffectiveremedytothecostdiseaseplaguinghighereducation12andaviablesolutiontotheproblemofprovidingglobalaccesstoeducationalcredentials.Background2.AttitudetowardsMOOCs3.AturningpointwilloccurinthehighereducationmodelwhenaMOOC-basedprogramofstudyleadstoadegreefromanaccreditedinstitution—atrendthathasalreadybeguntodevelop.AddressingthequalityofthelearningexperiencethatMOOCsprovideisthereforeofparamountimportancetotheircredibilityandacceptance.MOOCsrepresentapostindustrialmodelofteachingandlearningthathasthepotentialtoundermineandreplacethebusinessmodelofinstitutionsthatdependonrecruitingandretainingstudentsforlocation-bound,proprietaryformsofcampus-basedlearning.Background2.AttitudetowardsMOOCs1.ThefirstMOOCsemergedfromtheopeneducationalresources(OER)movement.ThetermMOOCwascoinedin2008byDaveCormieroftheUniversityofPrinceEdwardIslandandSeniorResearchFellowBryanAlexanderoftheNationalInstituteforTechnologyinLiberalEducationinresponsetoacoursecalledConnectivismandConnectiveKnowledge(alsoknownasCCK08).MOOCsarewidelyseenasamajorpartofalargerdisruptiveinnovationtakingplaceinhighereducation.Inparticular,themanyservicesofferedundertraditionaluniversitybusinessmodelsarepredictedtobecomeunbundledandsoldtostudentsindividuallyorinnewlyformedbundles.Theseservicesincluderesearch,curriculumdesign,andcontentgeneration(suchastextbooks).ByJune2012morethan1.5millionpeoplehadregisteredfor