虚拟语气虚拟语气的两种用法:1)用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。2)虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况。时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should+动词原形wereto+动词原形would/should/might/could+动词原形现在动词过去式(be用were)would/should/might/could+动词原形过去had+动词过去分词would/should/might/couldhave+动词过去分词真实条件句:用于陈述语气,假设的情况有可能发生。句型条件从句主句一般现在时shall/will+动词原形祈使句情态动词一般现在时例句:Ifhecoms,hewillbringhisviolin.、Ifhedoesn’thurryup,hewillmissthebus.注意:1)在真实条件句中,主句不能用begoingto表示将来,要用shall,will.2)表示真理时,主句谓语动词不用shall(will)+动词原形,而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。Ifyouleavenow,youarenevergoingtoforgetit.(错)Ifyouleavenow,youwillneverforgetit.(对)非真实条件句:1)虚拟语气可以表示过去,现在和将来的情况,时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。a.与现在事实相反的假设条件从句主句一般过去时(be用were)should(would)等+动词原形例句:Iftheywerehere,theywouldhelpyou.含义:Theyarenothere,theycan’thelpyou.IfIknewhisphonenumber,Iwouldtellyou.b.与过去事实相反的假设条件从句主句过去完成时should(would)等+have+过去分词例句:Ifhehadcomeyesterday,Ishould/wouldhavetoldhimaboutit.含义:Hedidnotcomeyesterday,soIdidnottellhimaboutit.IfIhadtakenyouradvice,Iwouldnothavemadesuchamistake.c.表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想例句:Ifyousucceeded,everythingwouldbeallright.Ifyoushouldsucceed,everythingwouldbeallright.Ifyouweretosucceed,everythingwouldbeallrignt含义:Youarenotlikelytosucceed,everythingwillbewhatitisnow.条件从句主句一般过去时should/would等+动词原形were+不定式should+动词原形例句:1.Ifheshouldcomeheretomorrow,Iwouldtalktohim.如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小,不可能)2.IftherewereaheavysnownextSunday,wewouldnotgoskating.如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:下雪可能性很小,不可能)3.IfsheweretobeherenextMonday,Iwouldtellheraboutthematter.如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。(事实:来的可能性很小,不可能)混合条件句(错综条件句):有时,主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同,这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如:Ifyouhadaskedhimyesterday,youwouldknowwhattodonow.(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反)Ifithadrainedlastnight(过去),itwouldbeverycoldtoday(现在).①从句动作与过去事实相反,主句动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。例句:IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了Iftheyhadinformedus,wewouldnotcomeherenow.如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。例如:Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldhavesenthimtoBeijing.如果他今天有空的话,我们就已经派他去北京了。Ifheknewher,hewouldhavegreetedher.要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。虚拟条件句的倒装:虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were,should,或had时,可省略if,再把were,should,或had移到从句的句首,实行倒装。例如:Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.注意:在虚拟语气从句中,“be”的过去时态一律用“were”,不用was,即在从句中be用were代替。例句:IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.=Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.=Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.虚拟条件句中的省略:非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without…,butfor…等。例如:Butforhishelp,wewouldnotbehappynow.要不是他的帮助,我们现在不会这样开心。Withoutyourinstruction,Iwouldnothavemadesuchgreatprogress.要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。Wedidn'tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewewouldhavetelephonedhim.我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。①省略从句Hewouldhavefinishedit.Youcouldhavepassedthisexam.②省略主句IfIwereathomenow.IfonlyIhadgotit.特殊的虚拟语气词should:1)在主语从句中的应用Itisdemanded/necessary/apity+that…等结构的主语从句,谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可省略。Itis可用的词有三类that(should)dosuggested,ordered,required,proposed,demanded,requested,insisted等important,necessary,natural,imperative,strange等apity,ashame,nowonder等2)在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中,像order,suggest,propose,request,insist,demand,command,require+(should)do等。例如:Isuggestthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.Heinsistedthathe(should)besentthere.一想要(desire),一宁愿(prefer),一坚持(insist),二命令(order,command),三建议(advise,suggest,propose/recommend),四要求(demand,require,request,ask)中,无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:should+do。should可以省略。例如:Hesuggestedthatwe(should)taketheteacher'sadvice.Heinsistedthatwe(should)taketheteacher'sadvice.Hedemandthatwe(should)taketheteacher'sadvice.Heorderedthatwe(should)taketheteacher'sadvice.注意:如suggest,insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事”时,即它们表示为“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时,宾语从句用陈述语气,不用虚拟语气。例句:Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyou(should)beill.Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill.(对)Iinsistedthatyou(should)bewrong.Iinsistedthatyouwerewrong.(对)(错)(错)3)在表语从句、同位语从句中的应用suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,即(should)+动词原形。例如:Myideaisthatwe(should)getmorepeopletoattendthemeeting.Imakeaproposalthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.目的状语:1、在forfearthat,incase,lest等引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:should+do。并且should能省略。Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathief(should)comein.Hestartedoutearlierlesthe(should)belate.2、在sothat,inorderthat所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can/could/may/might/will/would/should+do。Hegoesclosertothespeakersothathecanhearhimclearer.他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。Hereadthelettercarefullyinorderthatheshouldnotmissaword.他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。wish的用法1)wish后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为:时间特点从句与现在的事实相反的愿望一般过去时、过去进行时(be动词换为were)与过去相反的愿望过去完成时(haddone)或would/could+havedone将来不大可能实现的愿望would/could+动词原形注意:如果将wish改为过去式wished,其后that从句中的动词形式不变。例句:Wewishhedidn’tsmoke.我们希望他不吸烟。IwishedIhadn'tspentsomuchmoney.但愿我并没有造成太多破费。IwishIcouldbeofsomeuse.我希望我能有什么用处。Iwishpriceswouldcomedown.我希望物价能降下来。Iwishthetrainwouldcome.我希望火车会来。2)wishtodo;wishsb./sth.todo.例如:Iwishtoseethemanager.=Iwanttoseethemanager.Iwishthemanagertobeinformedatonce.=Iwantthemanage