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I.TheColonialPeriod(theearly17thand18thcentury)•1.Puritanism:idealismandopportunism•2.BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林:•→“TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin”自传→PoorRichard’sAlmanac穷查理历书•(containingwittymaximsforachievingwealthasaresultofhardworkandthrift)3.PhilipFreneau(poem)菲利普·弗伦诺TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲•AmericanPuritanism•Puritans→Theearlysettlers•☆foundingfathersoftheAmericanation•☆Topurifytheritualsandlessentheauthorityofbishops→escapedtothenewworld,createanewparadise•→advocatehighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.•→AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.ChapterTwoAmericanRomanticismandNewEnglandLiteratureLogicThreadAmericanRomanticismPre-romanticism1770s-1830sPost-romanticism(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)FloweringtimebeforeAmericanCivilWar1830-1860DecliningtimeafterAmericanCivilWar1865-1875Representativefiguresofthetime:Pre-romanticism:WashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooper库珀Post-romanticism:Novelists:NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelvillePoets:HenryWadesworthLongfellow,EdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitmanEmilyDickinsonEssayists:RalphWaldoEmerson,--NatureHenryDavidThoreauAmericanRomanticismTheromanticperiodstretchesfromtheendoftheeighteenthcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar(1790-1865).1.Background(1)PoliticalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopmentTerritorialExpansionIndustrialGrowthTheCivilWarThe“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.→optimismandhopeamongthepeopleThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.(2)foreigninfluence–RomanticmovementinEuropeancountriesAmericanRomanticismRomanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature;Theyemphasizedindividualismandaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself.WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)华盛顿·欧文早期浪漫主义小说家AHistoryofNewYork纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；TheSketchBook见闻札记→①TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家→②RipVanWinkleJamesFenimoreCooper1789-1851詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀•早期浪漫主义小说家“LeatherstockingTales”皮裹腿故事集→aseriesoffivenovels,thatis☆thePioneers拓荒者(I823)☆theLastoftheMohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人☆ThePrairie(1827)大草原☆ThePathfinder(1840)探路者☆TheDeerslayer(1841)杀鹿者→adventureintothewildernessoftheWest/2.ThesummitofRomanticism---NewEnglandTranscendentalism/1.Emerson/“Nature”2.HenryDavidThoreau/“Walden”3.Whitman/“LeavesofGrass”4.Hawthorn/“TheScarletLetter”5.HermanMeville\“MobyDick”Post-romanticism(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)•WhatisTranscendentalism?•1.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)爱默生•→TheleadingNewEnglandTranscendentalist•→“Nature”论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;TheAmericanScholar论美国学者•2.HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)•→Transcendentalist\Emerson’sfriend•→WaldenThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism•1.TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.•2.TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.•3.TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.TheDevelopmentofTranscendentalism•☆Nature(in1836)byRalphWaldoEmerson•Nature’svoicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,thesummitofAmericanRomanticism.•TranscendentalistClub•☆TranscendentalismwasindebtedtothedualheritageofAmericanPuritanism,thereligiousidealismoftheirPuritanpast.Transcendentalists’emphasisontheindividualwasdirectlytraceabletothePuritanprincipleofself-cultureandself-improvement.ThusthereisgoodreasontostatethatNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasRomanticismonthePuritansoil.•☆NewEnglandTranscendentalismwasimportanttoAmericanliterature.ItinspiredawholenewgenerationoffamousauthorssuchasEmerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,WhitmanandDickinson.NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)•☆Novels:•ScarletLetter《红字》HesterPrynne;•TheHouseofSevenGables《七个尖角阁的房子》;•TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》;•TheMarbleFaun《大理石神像》•☆Shortstorycollections:•Twice-ToldTales《故事新编》•MosesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891•MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale•莫比·迪克/白鲸EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849•→ThefirstprofessionalwriterinAmerica•Thefirstwriterofdetectivestoryintheworld•-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头•TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel);•→TheRaven乌鸦(poem)TamerlaneandOtherPoems帖木儿和其他诗;•ToHellen致海伦（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）WaltWhitman(1819-1892)沃尔特·惠特曼•OneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanPoetry•Freeverse•Growingupinaworking-classbackground,havinglittleeducation•LeavesofGrass草叶集•→SongofMyself”自我之歌revealsaworldofequality,withoutrankandhierarchy.poets•①EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)•ThePoemsofEmilyDickinson埃米莉·迪金森诗集(love,death,nature,friendship,andimmortality)•②HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882•→APsalmofLife生命礼赞（shortpoem）•→TheSongofHiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗•③;WilliamCullenBryant1794-1878柯伦·布莱恩特•→ToaWaterfowl致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗HarrietBeecherStowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896••UncleTom’sCabin汤姆叔叔的小屋Chapter3TheAgeofRealismandNaturalism•T