英语专业四级作文写作指南

三段式的作文写作手法综述作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种：1)开门见山，点明主题在“WideningGapBetweentheRichandthePoor”(日益拉大的贫富差距)的范文的开头一句是：Thesedaysweoftenhearaboutthewideninggapbetweentherichandthepoor．2)正反表态法例如，1999年的专四作义考题“AMajorAdvantage/DisadvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision”(电视广告的一个主要优点／缺点)可以采用正反表态的方法开篇：NowadaysmoreandmoreadvertisementsareseenonTVeveryday．SomepeoplethinkthatadvertisingonTVcanbringusalotofbenefits，butothersholdthedifferentopinions．Inmyopinion．Iaminfavoroftheformer．在“WhereWouldYouGoafterGraduation?”(大学毕业后到何处发展?)的范文的开头一段采用了正反表态法：Aftergraduation，somestudentschoosetogotosupercitiesforcareerdevelopment．Meanwhile，somestudentsprefertoreturntotheirhometowns．Asforme，Iwouldliketogobacktomyhomecity．1）“一些人认为”——Some无数的numerous/myriad(anumber/myriadof)大量的Aconsiderable/significant/noticeableamount/quantity/portionof对半的almost/nearly/approximatelyhalfof大多的the(vast/overwhelming)majorityof“一些人认为”——people公众thepublic各行各业peoplefromallwalksoflife/community/education/background支持/反对者followers–objectors；consenters–dissenters参与者participants/candidates/interviewees“一些人认为”——think认为assume/claim/declare/assert/state/insist/maintainthat…支持express/show/demonstrateone’ssupportfor赞成/反对castone’sballotfor/against；standonthesideof意见是one’sviewpointisthat/bewiththeviewthat导致利弊Advantage/disadvantage;merit/drawback;blessing/curse;benefit/harm;outweighleadto,contributeto,resultin,bringabout,giveriseto…owingto,dueto,thanksto,resultfrom,inthat,attributeto…句式Manypeopleconsideritappropriatethatmoreemphasisshouldbeputonthedevelopmentofstudents’capacityforreasoningandlogicalthinking,whileothersthinkthatmorebenefitswouldbegainedfromaneducationthatalsotaughtthemtoexploretheirownemotions.Thosewho…arguethat…whileotherswho…claimthat…3)让步法也称为先抑后扬法，先把反方观点引出来，做一个肯定的评价，然后笔锋一转，回到自己的观点上来。比较适用于“对比选择型”题目。例如，2004年的专四作文考题“WillPhonesKillLetterWriting'?”(电话是否会使书信消失?)的开头可以采用让步法：Nowadays，youngpeoplechoosetophoneeachotherratherthanwriteletters．Someareworriedthatletterwritingwillbeuselessinthefuture．Evenso,Istillmaintainthatletterwritingwillneverbekilledbyphones，despitethefactthatwehavealreadysteppedintotheinformationage．再如，在“DegreeandUniversityStudy”(学位与大学学习)的范文的开头一段采用了先抑后扬的手法，首先肯定学位的重要性，然后提出了“学位并不是大学学习的一切”这样的观点：Inoursociety，themostcommonlyrecognizedstandardofastudent’sacademicachievementisthedegree．Consequentlysomepeopleregardthedegreeastheonlythingvaluablewhilestudyingincollege．Admittedly，thedegreeisessentialforstudentswhowantaprosperousfuture，butitisbynomeanstheonlypurposeatuniversity．4)背景法即对一个现象进行分析时，先把这个现象事件的原因、结果、发展等背景信息介绍一下，然后再给出自己的看法。这种写法适合“给定观点型”和“自由发挥型”。例如，2003年的专四作文考题“TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood”(保持良好心态的重要性)可以采用如下一段作为开头，先介绍背景，然后提出观点：Themodernsocietyischaracterizedbyrapidpace，andpeopleinsuchasocietyhavetocopewithalotofpressuresfromeitherouterworldorinnerwill．Themostdifficult，butnecessarythingforthemistokeepagoodmoodunderwhatevercircumstances．再如1998年的专四作文考题“OneWaytoSolvetheProblem”(解决问题的一个方法)的首段可以先介绍机动车是城市污染的主要来源，接下来亮出自己的观点发展公共交通：Vehiclesareamajorsourceofairpollutionincities．Inmyopinion，thesolutiontothispollutionproblemisdevelopingthemodernpublictransportation．再如，在“HowtoDealwiththeProblemofUnemployment”(怎样处理失业的问题)的范文的开头一段：Inrecentyears，Chinahasexperiencedanalarmingincreaseinunemploymentrate．Unemploymentismorethananeconomicproblem．Ifitwerenothandledproperly，itwouldresultinserioussocialproblems．Effectivemeasuresmustbetakentosolvetheunemploymentproblem．5)提问式要讨论什么就先把话题以问句形式提出，然后通过回答问题表达自己的观点。或者，对自己的观点做个理由概述／先写出反方观点，对其进行反驳，顺势提出自己的观点。比较适用于“对比选择型”题目。例如，在“FactorsInfluencingYoungAdults”(影响青年人成长的因素)的范文的开头一段：Ofthevariousfactorsthatcanhaveinfluenceonyoungadults，thefamilyandfriendsstandoutmost．Whichofthetwoismoreimportant?Myviewisthatitisfriendswhohavemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults．再如，在“ChoosingaJobProfitableoraJobILove”(选择赚钱的工作还是自己喜欢的工作)的范文第一段：Howcanonefindadesirablejob?Thisquestionpuzzlesnearlyeveryone．Inpractice，mostpeoplelookforwell-paidjobswhileafewsearchforjobstheylove．2．作文主体部分的写作(1)论证手法当段落的主题为一理论性论点时，就需要举例或例证来加以支持，以说服读者。举例和例证使抽象的概念具体化，而所举的事例也应该具有充分的说服力，同时逻辑严密。例如，2001年的专四作文考题“TravelBroadenstheMind”(旅游开阔视野)的主体段可以通过“自己到西安旅游”的例子进行论证，如下：Considermyownexperienceasanexample．Twoyearsago，IvisitedXi’an，anancientcity．Xi’anisacityofrichculturalinheritance．Therearesomanyplacesofintereststhere，suchastheoldcitywalls，thetomboftheEmperorQinandsoon．ItseemsthateverythingtheretellthestoriesandhistoryoftheancientChina．Inthisway,Ihavegainedknowledgeofhistoryandculture，whichismorevividandimpressivethanwhatislearnedinclass．再如，在“OpportunityandSuccess”(机遇与成功)的范文的论证过程中，以牛顿发现万有引力定律为例，说明了获得机遇只是获得了成功的可能性，只有加上不懈的努力，可能性才会变成现实：Whenanopportunitycomes，itbringspromiseforsuccess，butthatpromisenevercomestruebyitsown．ThepopularstoryofhowNewtonwashitbyafallingappleandthusfindingtheUniversalLawofGravitationalsoprovesthis．IsupposemanypeoplebeforeNewtonsawapplesfall，butnonefoundanythingaboutgravity．However，Newtontooktheopportunitytothinkaboutthephenomenonfurther，proposeanddemonstrateatheorytoexplainit．Thisindicatesyoumustmakeeffortsbefore，duringandafteryougetanopportuni