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（1）withthe（rapidly）growingpopularityof（computers/privatecars）inChina，thequalityofourliveshasbeenconsiderablychanged。（2）Withthe（rapid）growthof（oureconomy/population），manyproblemssuchas（watershortages/wasteofenergy/lackofprofessionalsandchaoticmanagement）arebeginningtosurface（3）Withthedevelopmentof（scienceandtechnology/marketeconomy），moreandmore/anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…（4）Currentlythereisawidespread/seriousconcernover(illegalpublication/drugabuse/negativeinfluenceofwesterncultures).（5）Nowadays,aheateddebated/discussionabout…isunderwayinChina.somepeoplebelievethat…,whereasothersarguethat…（6）Therearesomereasonsforowning(privatecars/personalcomputers).Tobeginwith,…Next,…Last,…Thereare,ontheotherhand,manyreasonsagainstit,First,…Second,…Finally,…（7）Therearemanyadvantagesanddisadvantagesin(owningacar).（8）Therearevarious/atleastthreeways/possibletechniques/problems/methodstodosomething（9）Smoking/Alcoholicbeverageshouldbebannedfromcollegecampusesfortoereasons.Thefirstreasonisthat…Thesecondreasonisthat…/Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,…（10）Thepossiblesolutionsof(theenergycrisis/watershortages/thesesocialproblems)dependonthreefactors…（11）Thetowmajorreasonsresponsiblefor(therapideconomicgrowth/thewidespreadoffakeproducts)are…2．常用于结尾的短语、句式（1）Itishopedthatweshouldplacemuchemphasison/paymoreattentionto。。。（2）Toconclude，wecanseethat（thebestway/thepossiblesolution）is。。。（3）Inshort，（shortagesofwater，decreaseoffertilefieldsandenvironmentalpollution）arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto（increaserainproduction）。（4）Inordertomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveweshouldmakegreateffortsto。。。（5）Inaword，therearethreesuggestionswemustfollow，onlyinthiswaycanwe（achieveagreatsuccess）。（6）Itistimeforustotakeanactivepartin。。。（7）Letusworkhandinhandinhandto（solvethesesocialproblems）3．陈述或论证观点、看法（view，point，opinion）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步骤。。。。。。（method，means，measures，step。。。）、因素（factor）、利弊、优缺点（advantage，disadvantage）时常用的词语、句式：（1）引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语：。。。。的原因有许多。Therearemanyreasonswhy。。。。。。。的原因如下；Thereasonswhy。。。areasfollows我的看法是。。。。Myopinionisthat（2）展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语：①、第一层次（首先）First，Firstly，Inthefirstplace，Firstofall，Tobeginwith，Foronething。我的第一理由是。。。Myfirstreasonisthat。。。主要因素是。。。。Themainfactoristhat。。。②第二层次（其次）Second，Secondly，IntheSecondplace，Next，Then，Foranother，另一种方法是。。。Anothermeansof。。。istodo。。第二种解决方法是。。。thesecondsolutionisthat。。。③第三层次（第三点）Third，athirdly，besides，inaddition，furthermore，whatismoreimportant（3）总结性段落常用句式、词语：最后一点last，lastly，finally，inthelastplace，lastofall，inshort，inbrief简言之inaword，insummary，tosumup总之，inconclusion，onthewhole，altogether，inall因此，so，thus，hence，therefore。Consequently，fortheereasons结果，inconsequence，asaresult由此可见。。。itwillbeseenfromitthat如上所述，我们可以得出结论。。。ashasbeensaidabove，wecanconclude/makeaconclusion/drawaconclusion/reachaconclusioncometoaconclusionthat。。。（4）将事物的正反、好坏两方面，或者将两种不同事物进行比较，对比时常用的句式、短语：然而while，whereas，but，however，nevertheless尽管如此inspiteofthat，despiteallthis但在另一方面butontheotherhand与。。。相比in/byincomparisonwith。。。/ascomparewith。。。对比之下by/incontrast与。。。相反asopposedto。。。/insteadof。。。相反onthecontrary，instead他们的区别如下Thedifferencesareasfollows；thedifferencescanbedescribedasfollowsA与B之间的不同在于。。。。thedifferencesbetweenAandBis/liesin/existsin/consistsin。。。；AisdifferentfromBin...Asfruitneedsnotonlysunshinebutcoldnightsandchillingshowerstoripenit,socharacterneedsnotonlyjoybuttrialanddifficultytomellowit.(HughBlack,Americanwriter)水果不仅需要阳光，也需要凉夜。寒冷的雨水能使其成熟。人的性格陶冶不仅需要欢乐，也需要考验和困难。(美国作家布莱克H)Ifindlifeanexcitingbusinessandmostexcitingwhenitislivedforothers.(HelenKeller,Ameicanwriter)我发现生活是令人激动的事情，尤其是为别人活着时。(美国作家海伦·凯勒)Inthisworldthereisalwaysdangerforthosewhoareafraidofit.(GeorgeBernadShaw,Britishdramastist)对于害怕危险的人，这个世界上总是危险的。(英国剧作家肖伯纳G)Mishapsarelikeknivesthateitherserveusorcutusaswegraspthembythehandleorblade.(JamesRussellLowell,Americanpoetessandcritic)灾难就像刀子，握住刀柄就可以为我们服务，拿住刀刃则会割破手。(美国女诗人、批评家洛威尔JR)Noonecandegradeusexceptourselves;thatifweareworthy,noinfluencecandefeatus.(B.T.Washington,Americaneducator)除了我们自己以外，没有人能贬低我们。如果我们坚强，就没有什么不良影响能够打败我们。(美国教育家华盛顿BT)Nopain,nopalm;nothorns,nothrone;nogall,noglory;nocross,nocrown.(WilliamPenn,Britishadmiral)没有播种，何来收获；没有辛劳，何来成功；没有磨难，何来荣耀；没有挫折，何来辉煌。(英国海军上将佩恩W)Optimistsalwayspicturethemselvesaccomplishingtheirgoals.(LuciusAnaeusSeneca,AncientRomanphilosopher)乐观主义者总是想象自己实现了目标的情景。(古罗马哲学家西尼加LA)Perhapsyoucan'tcontrolyourjob,butyoumaybeabletomakeotherchangesinyourlife.(AlanLoyMcginnis,Britishwriter)或许你不能支配自己的工作，但你能够使生活发生转变。(英国作家麦金尼斯AL)Prosperitydothbestdiscovervice,butadversitydothdiscovervirtue.顺境时显现恶习，逆境时凸现美德Rejoicinginhope,patientintribulation.(JohnKennedy,Americanpresident)从希望中得到欢乐，在苦难中保持坚韧。(美国总统肯尼迪J)Sweetaretheusesofadversity.(WilliamShakspeare,BritishPlaywriter)苦尽甘来。(英国剧作家莎士比亚W)IsucceededbecauseIwilledit;Ineverhesitated.(BonaparteNapoleon,Frenchemperor)我成功是因为我有决心，从不踌躇。(法国皇帝拿破仑.B.)Ifyouwishtosucceed,youshouldusepersistenceasyourgoodfriend,experienceasyourreference,prudenceasyourbrotherandhopeasyoursentry.(ThomasEdison,Americaninventor)如果你希望成功，当以恒心为良友、以经验为参谋、以谨慎为兄弟、以希望为哨兵。(美国发明家爱迪生.T.)Thepeop