曼昆的宏观经济学课件(英文版)

macroeconomicsfiftheditionN.GregoryMankiwPowerPoint®SlidesbyRonCronovichCHAPTERONETheScienceofMacroeconomicsmacro©2002WorthPublishers,allrightsreservedCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide1LearningobjectivesThischapterintroducesyoutotheissuesmacroeconomistsstudythetoolsmacroeconomistsusesomeimportantconceptsinmacroeconomicanalysisCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide2ImportantissuesinmacroeconomicsWhydoesthecostoflivingkeeprising?Whyaremillionsofpeopleunemployed,evenwhentheeconomyisbooming?Whyarethererecessions?Canthegovernmentdoanythingtocombatrecessions?Shouldit??CHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide3ImportantissuesinmacroeconomicsWhatisthegovernmentbudgetdeficit?Howdoesitaffecttheeconomy?WhydoestheU.S.havesuchahugetradedeficit?Whyaresomanycountriespoor?Whatpoliciesmighthelpthemgrowoutofpoverty?CHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide4U.S.GrossDomesticProductinbillionsofchained1996dollars3,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00010,0001970197519801985199019952000CHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide5U.S.GrossDomesticProductinbillionsofchained1996dollars3,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00010,0001970197519801985199019952000RecessionslongesteconomicexpansiononrecordCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide6Whylearnmacroeconomics?1.Themacroeconomyaffectssociety’swell-being.example:UnemploymentandsocialproblemsCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide7UnemploymentandsocialproblemsEachone-pointincreaseintheunemploymentrateisassociatedwith:920moresuicides650morehomicides4000morepeopleadmittedtostatementalinstitutions3300morepeoplesenttostateprisons37,000moredeathsincreasesindomesticviolenceandhomelessnessCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide8Whylearnmacroeconomics?1.Themacroeconomyaffectssociety’swell-being.example:Unemploymentandsocialproblems2.Themacroeconomyaffectsyourwell-being.example1:Unemploymentandearningsgrowthexample2:InterestratesandmortgagepaymentsCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide9Unemploymentandearningsgrowth-5-4-3-2-101234519651970197519801985199019952000%growthrateofinflation-adjustedhourlyearningschangeinUnemploymentrateCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide10InterestratesandmortgagepaymentsFora$150,00030-yearmortgage:$11,782$9816.84%Dec2001$12,771$10647.65%Dec2000annualpaymentmonthlypaymentactualrateon30-yearmortgagedateCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide11Whylearnmacroeconomics?1.Themacroeconomyaffectssociety’swell-being.example:Unemploymentandsocialproblems2.Themacroeconomyaffectsyourwell-being.example1:Unemploymentandearningsgrowthexample2:Interestratesandmortgagepayments3.Themacroeconomyaffectspolitics¤tevents.example:InflationandunemploymentinelectionyearsCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide12InflationandUnemploymentinElectionYearsyearUrateinflationrateelec.outcome19767.7%5.8%Carter(D)19807.1%13.5%Reagan(R)19847.5%4.3%Reagan(R)19885.5%4.1%BushI(R)19927.5%3.0%Clinton(D)19965.4%3.3%Clinton(D)20004.0%3.4%BushII(R)CHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide13Economicmodels…aresimpliedversionsofamorecomplexreality•irrelevantdetailsarestrippedawayUsedto•showtherelationshipsbetweeneconomicvariables•explaintheeconomy’sbehavior•devisepoliciestoimproveeconomicperformanceCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide14Exampleofamodel:Thesupply&demandfornewcarsexplainsthefactorsthatdeterminethepriceofcarsandthequantitysold.assumesthemarketiscompetitive:eachbuyerandselleristoosmalltoaffectthemarketpriceVariables:Qd=quantityofcarsthatbuyersdemandQs=quantitythatproducerssupplyP=priceofnewcarsY=aggregateincomePs=priceofsteel(aninput)CHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide15Thedemandforcarsshowsthatthequantityofcarsconsumersdemandisrelatedtothepriceofcarsandaggregateincome.demandequation:(,)dQDPYCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide16Digression:FunctionalnotationGeneralfunctionalnotationshowsonlythatthevariablesarerelated:(,)dQDPYAlistofthevariablesthataffectQdCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide17Digression:FunctionalnotationGeneralfunctionalnotationshowsonlythatthevariablesarerelated:(,)dQDPYAspecificfunctionalformshowstheprecisequantitativerelationship:Examples:1)(,)60102dQDPYPY0.32)(,)dYQDPYPCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide18Themarketforcars:demandQQuantityofcarsPPriceofcarsDThedemandcurveshowstherelationshipbetweenquantitydemandedandprice,otherthingsequal.demandequation:(,)dQDPYCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide19Themarketforcars:supplyQQuantityofcarsPPriceofcarsDsupplyequation:(,)ssQSPPSThesupplycurveshowstherelationshipbetweenquantitysuppliedandprice,otherthingsequal.CHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide20Themarketforcars:equilibriumQQuantityofcarsPPriceofcarsSDequilibriumpriceequilibriumquantityCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide21Theeffectsofanincreaseinincome:D2QQuantityofcarsPPriceofcarsSD1Q1P1Anincreaseinincomeincreasesthequantityofcarsconsumersdemandateachprice……whichincreasestheequilibriumpriceandquantity.P2Q2demandequation:(,)dQDPYCHAPTER1TheScienceofMacroeconomicsslide22Theeffectsofasteelpriceincrease:QQuantityofcarsPPrice