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第一章词形变化和词性转换题专题概述英语中十大词类有六种主要是以词尾变化而构成的。名词（数和所有格）、代词（格、数、性）、形容词和副词（原级、比较级、最高级）、动词（三式两分词）、数词（基序）。词在句中担当的成分不同而有不同的词性，它们的拼写也常有变化（pleasure,please,pleasant/pleased,pleasantly）有些词加上后缀可以表示某种动作的人或工具（invent,inventor;compute,computer;science,scientist）或表示一种性质，身份，资格，时期等（friend,friendship;child,child-hood）,有时加上前缀-re可以表示重新的意思（build,rebuild;tell,retell）,这种变化也称之为派生。有些词加上前缀或后缀，词形不变，但成为翻译词（possible,impossible;correct,incorrect;regular,irregular;happy,unhappy;appear,disappear;hopeful.Hopeless）,这种称之为词根反义变化。解此类题学生必备的词法知识是：1）掌握教材中常用词的规则和不规则的词性变化形式；2）知道常用的构词法，会归纳教材中常见词的词性转化，派生词；3）熟记教材中的词根反义词。解此类题学生必须注意的是：1）根据上下文先确定空处应填何种词性的词；2）然后确定该词应作何种词形变化（特别注意同根反义词和缩略形式）；3）大写字母。例如：1.Weliveonthefloorofthehigh-rise.(nine)2.Theyoungladyistheoftherestaurant.(manage)3.Thedictionaryischeapandaswell.(help)4.Itistoswiminaswimming-poolthaninariver.(safety)5.Itisforanordinaryplanetoflytothemoon.(possible)近几年，该题型也略有变化，即将各小题后括号内的单词集中在方框内。新题型添加了考查学生对所给单词的词义认识以及对试题中所缺单词的揣测能力，因而避免了传统题型稍嫌有纯语法测试倾向的不足之处，并促使学生更认真的复习单词的词义和加强训练对句子整体理解的能力。但这两年又恢复到单词置于句末括号中。例如：Busily,discuss,relax,say1.Forgetyourworriesand.2.Shecollectedofherfavouritewritersinasmallnotebooks.3.KarlisthemanIhaveeverseen.4.Allweneedisaction,not.表1可数名词复数的构成规则的不规则的1.一般情况+s：desk,desks;boy,boys;month,months;2.以辅音字母加y结尾的去y,+ies;lady,ladies3.以s,x,sh,ch结尾的，+es:bus,fox,dish,watch1.单复同形：sheep,fish,deer,series,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss2.改变元音：man,woman,child,foot,tooth,goose,mousepostman,policewoman3.o的归纳：zoo,radio,video,piano,photo,4.以f,fe结尾的去f,fe+ves;wolf,knifekilo,UFO+s;Hero,tomato,potato+es注意：-s,-es的发音：s在清辅音后读/s/,在元音和浊辅音后读/z/,-es读/iz/表2名词所有格的构成1.一般情况下+’s:thechild’stoys,Mary’scat,hiswife’sphoto,theChildren’sRestaurant,awomen’shospital2.以-s结尾的复数名词+’:theteachers’office,agirls’school,3.以-s结尾的单数名词+’:myboss’soffice注意：1.但以/z/音结尾的名词，+’或+’s均可：Dickens’OliverTwist,Dickens’sOliverTwist表3人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，疑问代词的数、格、性人称代词物主代词反身代词主格宾格形容词性名词性单数第一人称Imemyminemyself第二人称youyouyouryoursyourself第三人称阳性hehimhishishimself阴性sheherherhersherself中性itititsitsitself复数第一人称weusouroursourselves第二人称youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称theythemtheirtheirsthemselves疑问代词Who,whatWho(m),whatWhose,whichWhose,which表4基数词，序数词的构成基数词序数词基数词序数词基数词序数词1onefirst21twenty-onetwenty-first2twosecond22twenty-twotwenty-second3threethird13thirteenthirteenth33thirty-threethirty-third4fourfourth14fourteenfourteenth44forty-fourforty-fourth5fivefifth15fifteenfifteenth55fifty-fivefifty-fifth6sixsixth16sixteensixteenth66sixty-sixsixty-sixth7sevenseventh17seventeenseventeenth77seventy-sevenseventy-seventh8eighteighth18eighteeneighteenth88eighty-eighteighty-eighth9nineninth19nineteennineteenth99ninety-nineninety-ninth10tententh20twentytwentieth100onehundredonehundredth11eleveneleventh123onehundredandtwenty-threeonehundredandtwenty-third12twelvetwelfth注意：注意黑体字的拼写表5分数的构成1.分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子分母间用连字号，分子大于1，序数词用复数形式，带分数可在整数后用and;1/4one-fourth,1/12one-twelfth,2/3two-thirds,4/19four-nineteenths,5－9/13fiveandnine-thirteenths2.1/2还可读为：a/onehalf,1/4a/onequarter,3/4three-quarters3.分子分母数字较大时如：35/88可读为：thirty-fiveovereighty-eight表6形容词，副词比较级和最高级的构成规则变化不规则变化第一种方法：形容词，词原级加词缀er,est构成比较级和最高级：绝大多数单音节，一部分双音节用这种方法。1.一般情况下+er,est:long,longer,longest2.以不发音的e结尾的形容词，副词+er,+est:nice,nicer,nicest3.以一个辅音字母结尾（除x）的重度闭音节，双写该辅音字母+er,+est:big,biger,biggest4.以辅音字母+y结尾的，去y,+ier,iest;dry,drier,driest第二种方法在形容词，副词前加more,Most构成比较级和最高级：Careful,slowly,difficult原级比较级最高级badbadlyillworseworstgoodwellbetterbestmanymuchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherfurtherfarthestfarthestlatelaterlatterlatestlastoldolderelderoldesteldest注意：1.许多双音节词可用以上两种方法构成比较级和最高级，如：often,pleasant,gentle,common,clever,narrow,stupid,polite,quiet,handsome2.后缀-ful,-ous,-less,-tive,-alble,-ed,-ing的形容词及副词用第二种方法表7动词单数第三人称的构成规则的不规则的a.一般情况+s:work,playb.以辅音+y结尾的去+y+iesc.以s,xsh,ch结尾的，+es:miss,fix,washd.一o结尾的，+esdo,gohave,has注意：词缀-s,-es的读音/iz/表8动词现在分词的构成1.一般情况+ing:2.以一个不发音的e结尾的去e+ing3.以一个辅音字母（除x）结尾的重度闭音节，双写辅音字母+ing4.以ie结尾的动词，去ie变y+ingdie,lie注意：travel,prefer都要双写表9动词的过去式和过去分词的构成规则的不规则的1.一般情况+ed:2.以一个不发音的e结尾的+d3.以一个辅音字母（除x）结尾的重度闭音节，双写辅音字母+ed4.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，去y+ied变化类型动词原形过去式过去分词AAAputputputAABbeatbeatbeatenABAcomecamecomeABBlendlentlentABCwritewrotewritten注意：travel,prefer都要双写表10词性转化n.act,actionangerattentionbackbeautybusinesscarechangecheercleaningclearnesscollectioncorrectioncompletenessdangerdeathdifferenceexcitementextent,extensionfallfearfullfoolfightfrightgladnessgoodnessgreedhappinessharmheathelpheightv.actattendcarechangecheercleanclearcollectcorrectcompleteendangerdiedifferexciteextendfallfearfillfoolfightfrightharmheathelpadj.activeangryattentivebackbeautifulbusycarefulchangeablecheerfulcleanclearcollectivecorrectcompletedangerousdead,dying,deadlydifferentexciting,excitedextensivefalling,fallenfearfulfullfoolishfightingfrightful,frightenedgladgoodgreedyhappyharmfulhothelpfulhighadvactivelyangrilyattentivelybackbeautifullybusilycarefullycheerfullyclearlycollectivelycorrectlycompletelydangerouslydeadlydifferently.excitedlyextensivelyfearfullyfullyfoolishlyfrightfullygladlywellgreedilyhappilyharmfullyhotlyhelpfullyhigh,highlyv.addadviseanswerapologizearriveawardbeginbreath