高级英语第二册Pub Talk and the King’s English

Unit3PubTalkandtheKing’sEnglishAims1.Tolearnthemethodsindevelopinganexpositorywriting,esp.theuseofexamples2.Toknowhowtomakegoodconversation3.Tolearnthedifferencesbetween“pubtalk”andtheKing’sEnglish4.ToanalysethefeaturesofspokenEnglish5.ToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesTeachingContents•1.Backgroundinformation•2.Textanalysis•3.Detailedstudy:Vocabularyandstructure,paraphrase•4.Stylisticfeatures&Rhetoricaldevices•5.ExercisesProceduresPre-readingWhile-readingPost-readingPre-readingQuestionsBackgroundinformationVocabularyPhrasesTextExercisesWarm-up•Whatisthenatureoflanguage?•Howislanguagerelatedtoculture,politics,andsociety?•Thisunitwillprovideyouwiththeopportunitiestoexploresomeoftheseissues.BackgroundInformationTheHistoryofBritain•1.ThenativepeopleinBritain–---Celt(language)•2.RomanConquest43AD,ruledfor400years–Latin(language)BackgroundInformation•3.In449,Angles,Saxon,andJutesfromNorthwestofGermany,conqueredthemostpartofEngland•English---oldEnglish•4.9thcentury,ScandinavianconquestDanish(language)•5.11thcenturyNormanConquestfor400yearsFrench(language)MiddleEnglish•6.Britishpeopleconqueredtheconquestagain.Englishwonitsrecognition.ModernEnglish•7.AmericanEnglishhasbecomethedominantworldvariety.HistoryofEnglishTheSevenAgesofEnglish•1.Pre-Englishperiod(—c.AD450)•ThelocallanguagesinBritainwereCeltic.AftertheRomaninvasioninc.55BCLatinbecamethedominantlanguageofcultureandgovernment.ManycommunitiesinBritainwerebilingual:Celtic-Latin.•EnglishbeganasawestGermaniclanguagewhichwasbroughttoEnglandbytheSaxonsaround400A.D.OldEnglishwasthespokenandwrittenlanguageofEnglandbetween400and1100A.D.2.EarlyOldEnglish(450—c.850)•Anglo-SaxonsinvadedBritaininc.AD499whenRomansleft.SettlersbroughtavarietyofGermanicdialectsfrommainlandEurope.FirstEnglishliteratureappearedinc.AD700.EnglishborrowedmanywordsfromLatinviathechurch.3.LaterOldEnglish(c.850—1100)•TherewereextensiveinvasionsandsettlementsfromScandinavia.Inthe9thand10thcenturies,whenVikingsinvadedEngland,OldNorsewords,e.g.sky,takeandgetandmanyplacenames,enteredthelanguage.•InthenorthofEnglanddialectsofEnglishbecamestronglyinfluencedbyScandinavianlanguages.InthesouthKingAlfredarrangedformanyLatintextstobetranslated.4.MiddleEnglish(c.1100—1450)•FromtheNormanConquest(1066)untilthelate12thcenturyEnglishwasreplacedastheofficiallanguagebyNormanFrench,thoughEnglishwasstillusedbythelowerclasses.•EnglishvocabularyandspellingwerenowaffectedbyFrench,whichbecametheofficiallanguageofEngland.EducatedEnglishpeopleweretrilingual:French,Latin,andEnglish.5.EarlymodernEnglish(c.1450—1750)•ThisageincludestheRenaissance,theElizabethaneraandShakespeare.Theroleofthechurch,ofLatinandofFrenchdeclinedandEnglishbecamealanguageofscienceandgovernment.Britaingrewcommerciallyandacquiredoverseascolonies.EnglishwastakentoAmerica,Australia,andIndia.SlavetradecarriedblackspeakersofAfricanlanguagestoCaribbeanandAmerica,givingrisetoEnglishCreoles.Englishacquiredatypographicidentitywiththeriseofprinting.Thereweremanyattemptstostandardizeandfixthelanguagewithdictionariesandgrammars.•LiteraturebeganagaintobewritteninEnglishduringthisperiod.OneofthemostfamousMiddleEnglishworksisChaucer’sTheCanterburyTales.TheDevelopmentofModernEnglishModernEnglishdevelopedfromtheMiddleEnglishdialectoftheEastMidlandsandwasinfluencedbytheEnglishusedinLondon,whereaprintingpresswassetupbyWilliamCaxtonin1476.Englishchangedagreatdealfromthistimeuntiltheendofthe18thcentury.DuringtheRenaissance,manywordswereintroducedfromGreekandLatintoexpressnewideas,especiallyinscience,medicineandphilosophy.Theyincludedphysics,species,architecture,encyclopediaandhypothesis.Inthe16thcenturyseveralversionsoftheBiblehelpedbringwrittenEnglishtoordinarypeople.TheElizabethanperiodisalsofamousforitsdrama,andShakespeare’splayswereseenbymanypeople.•Inthe16thcenturyseveralversionsoftheBiblehelpedbringwrittenEnglishtoordinarypeople.TheElizabethanperiodisalsofamousforitsdrama,andShakespeare’splayswereseenbymanypeople.•Thedevelopmentofprintinghelpedestablishstandardsofspellingandgrammar,butthereremainedalotofvariation.SamuelJohnson’sADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755)wasthefirstauthoritativetreatmentofEnglish.Itdefinedabout40,000wordsandgaveexamplesoftheiruse.6.ModernEnglish(1750—1950)•BritainexperiencedIndustrialRevolution,andconsolidatedimperialpower,introducingEnglishmediumeducationinmanypartsoftheworld.Englishbecametheinternationallanguageofadvertisingandconsumerism.•Bythe18thcenturyAmericanEnglishwasestablishedanddevelopingindependentlyfromBritishEnglish.AftercolonistsarrivedintheUSnewwordsbegantobeaddedfromNativeAmericanlanguages,andfromFrenchandSpanish.In1783,soonafterJohnson’sdictionarywaspublished,NoahWebster’sTheElementarySpellingBookwaspublishedintheUS.AtfirstitusedJohnson’sspellings,butlatereditionscontainedmanyofwhathavecometobeknownasAmericanspellings,e.g.harborandfavorite.7.LatemodernEnglish(1950—)•BritainhasretreatedfromEmpire.NewstandardizedvarietiesofEnglishhaveemergedinnewlyindependentcountries.Englishhasbecometheinternationallanguageofcommunicationtechnolo