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Lesson1TextA1.Fixedsubjectsandcurriculaarelikelytogointothemeltingpotandschoolthemselves,ifnotasphysicallocationsthenatleastasplacesexclusivelyforchildren,arethreatenedwithextinction.固定的学科和课程可能会融为一体，学校自身若不是因为实际位置，那么至少会因为只招收儿童而面临灭绝的威胁。2.Becausethetraditiontheywereestablishedtopassonbecameadeadweight,becauseschoolbecameaninstitutioninsteadofanapproachtolife,becausetherewastoomuchemphasisonthewrittenwords,toomuchsubject-division,toomuchauthoritarianism----inaword,toomuchschoolandnotenoughlearning.因为他们所建立并延续的传统已成为沉重的负担，因为学校已成为一个机构而非一种生活方式，因为有太多的教条、太细的科目划分、太注重权威――总而言之，太多的正规教育而缺乏足够的自我学习。3.Themovetowardsdemocracyinschoolinghasseveralcauses,includingthegeneraldemandforqualifiedlabortomeetthedemandsofstepped-uptechnology.Insomecountriesideologyisbehindthemove,inothers,theconsequencesofdecolonization.推动教育民主化的原因有多个，要符合快速发展的科学技术就需要大量合格的劳动力。在某些国家，推动教育民主化进程的动力是意识形态；而在另一些国家，教育民主化是非殖民地化的结果。4.Butthereportpointsoutthatthereisawidegapbetweenadecisionofprincipletoprovideuniversaleducationandthedemocratizationofsystems,for,astheyarecurrentlystructured,inequalityisbuiltintothem.“Theuniversalrighttoeducation,inwhichcontemporarycivilizationtakessuchprematurepride,”saysthecommission,“isoftenrefusedtothemostunderprivileged.但是报告指出，在原则上决定推进大众化教育与实行教育体系的民主化之间，存在着一条难以逾越的鸿沟。因为在当前的教育体制结构中本身就存在着不平等的现象。委员会认为，‘无权无势的阶层并未享有全民接受教育的权利，而对此当代文明却过早地引以为豪’。5.Merelymultiplyingschoolsisnottheanswer.Whatisneededisnotequaltreatmentforeverybody,butprovisionforeachindividualofasuitableeducationatasuitablepaceforhisparticularneeds.单纯地增加学校的数量并非解决问题之道。我们所需要的不是千篇一律地对待每个人，而是根据个人需要以合适的速度为他们提供合适的教育。6.Schools,insofarastheycontinuetoexistaswehaveknownthem,cease,underthissystem,tobereservedtochildrenandbecomeplacesoflearningforfutureandpresentadults.在此体系下，那些为人熟知的学校，便不再专为儿童所设，而是成为现在及将来成人的求知场所。Lesson21.Iknewaboutjim-crowbutIhadneverexperiencedit.Iwenttothesameself-servicerestaurantthreetimesandstoodwithallthePrincetonboysbeforethecounter,waitingforahamburgerandcoffee;itwasalwaysanextraordinarilylongtimebeforeanythingwassetbeforeme；butitwasnotuntilthefourthvisitthatIlearnthat,infact,nothinghadeverbeensetbeforeme:Ihadsimplypickedsomethingup.我知道白人歧视黑人，但是没亲身经历过。我曾经三次光顾同一家自助式饭店，和那里所有的普林斯顿大学学生一起站在柜台前，等着汉堡和咖啡。但是在等所有东西准备好、端上来的这段时间总是格外漫长。直到第四次去那里的时候我才意识到，事实上，从来都没有任何东西摆在我面前。我只是随便拿些东西吃。2.Myreputationintownnaturallyenhancedmyreputationatworkandmyworkingdaybecameonelongseriesofacrobaticsdesignedtokeepmeoutoftrouble.Icannotsaythattheseacrobaticssucceeded.ItbegantoseemthatthemachineryoftheorganizationIworkedforwasturningover,dayandnight,withbutoneaim:toejectme.我在镇上的名声自然而然地提升了我在工作上的名声。我的日常工作犹如一连串杂技动作以使我远离麻烦。我不能说这些伎俩是否成功，工厂里的机器似乎也开始日日夜夜不停运转，唯一的目的就是想把我轰走。3.ThatyearinNewJerseylivesinmymindasthoughitweretheyearduringwhich,havinganunsuspectedpredilectionforit,Ifirstcontractedsomedread,chronicdisease,theunfailingsymptomofwhichisakindofblindfever,apoundingintheskullandfireinthebowels.Oncethisdiseaseiscontracted,onecanneverbereallycarefreeagain,forthefever,withoutaninstant’swarning,canrecuratanymoment.住在新泽西的一年一直让我记忆犹新，仿佛我对那一年有着说不出的偏爱。那一年，我第一次染上了一种可怕的慢性疾病，其一成不变的症状是：莫名其妙的发高烧，头颅里面好像一直有东西在撞击，肚子像火烧一样。人一旦染上这样的病，那么这辈子就别想再无忧无虑，因为发烧在没有任何丝毫预兆的情况下，随时都可能复发。4.Asitturnedout,healsosavedmefrom,attheveryleast,aviolentwhipping.Almosteverydetailofthatnightstandsoutveryclearlyinmymemory.Ievenrememberthenameofthemoviewesawbecauseitstitleimpressedmeasbeingsopatlyironical.结果他至少让我免于一顿鞭打。那晚的几乎每一个细节都清晰地浮现在我的脑海里。我甚至记得我们看的那部电影的名字，因为其极具讽刺意味，给我留下了深刻的印象。5.Icertainlyhadnoconsciousplan.Iwantedtodosomethingtocrushthesewhitefaces,whichwerecrushingme.IwalkedforperhapsablockortwountilIcametoanenormous,glittering,andfashionablerestaurantinwhichIknewnoteventheintercessionoftheVirginwouldcausemetobeserved.我的确没有刻意的计划。我只是想做点什么，去粉碎那一张张白人的脸孔，因为那些白脸正在把我压碎。我大概走了一两个街区，来到一家金碧辉煌又豪华时尚的大饭店。我知道就算圣母玛利亚为我求情，也不可能让我享受到服务。6.Somehow,withtherepetitionofphrase,whichwasalreadyringinginmyheadlikeathousandbellsofanightmare,IrealizedthatshewouldnevercomeanycloserandthatIwouldhavetostrikefromadistance.Therewasnothingonthetablebutanordinarywater-mughalffullofwater,andIpickedthisupandhurleditwithallmystrengthather.不知道为什么，听到那句一再重复的话，我感觉就像噩梦中无数遍响起的钟声。我知道她再也不会向我靠近半步，这样的话我就不得远距离发起攻击了。桌上除了一只盛有半杯水的普通水杯，什么也没有，我便拿起杯子用尽我全身的力气向她扔去。Lesson3TextA1．Yetthecommunitiesofphysicians,andofpublicandcorporateresearchers,seemunabletoorganizetheprocess.Whyisthenationunwillingorunabletoexpendtheeffortandmoneytolaunchanappliedbiologyandbioengineeringefforttodevelopadtestavaccine?然而医学界，公众，企业研发人员好象不能组织起来推动这个过程。为什么国家不愿或不能花费精力和资金应用生物学和生物工程学的研究成果来开发和测试疫苗？2．Twoscientificreasonsaregivenforthereluctancetobeginanationalefforttodevelopavaccine.OneisthatAIDSmightbecausedbyafamilyofcloselyrelatedvariantsofthesamevirusandthatthereforenovaccinecouldbeeffective.Theotheristhattherearenoanimalssuitableforinitialtestingofavaccineandthusnowaytobesureavaccineissafefortestinginpeople.不愿举全国之力开发疫苗在科学上有两种原因。其一是爱滋病可能是由与同一病毒亲密关系的病毒家族引起的，因此，没有什么疫苗是具有特效的。其二是没有合适的动物来为疫苗进行原始测验，因此没有办法确保疫苗对人体进行测试时的安全性。3．Thepopulationatriskandreadytovolunteerfortestingislargelyhomosexual.Ourpoliticalleadersapparentlydonotwishtobein