英语国家概况chapter10

CHAPTER10GOVERNMENT1.Constitution(1)TheconstitutionoftheUnitedStateswasdrawupin1787andcameintoeffectin17891787宪法影印(2)TwocharacteristicsofconstitutionToguardagainstonepersonorgroupbecometoopowerfulorseizecontroloftheconturyorcreatetyranny1.Oneis“checksandbalances”2,Anotheristhattheconstitutionspecifiestherespectivepowersofthefederalgovernmentandofthestategovernment.Thestatesareallowedtoruntheirowngovernmentastheywish.Billsofrights------therightsofindividuals•Freedomofreligion,speechandthepress•Therightofpeacefulassemblyandpetition•Therighttokeepandbeararms•Freedomagainstunreasonablesearchandseizureamongothers.•第一条AmendmentI•Congressshallmakenolawrespectinganestablishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof;orabridgingthefreedomofspeech,orofthepress;ortherightofthepeoplepeaceablytoassemble,andtopetitiontheGovernmentforaredressofgrievances.译文：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。•第十条AmendmentX•ThepowersnotdelegatedtotheUnitedStatesbytheConstitution,norprohibitedbyittotheStates,arereservedtotheStatesrespectively,ortothepeople.译文：宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行使的权力，由各州各自保留，或由人民保留。人权法案之父乔治•梅森（GeorgeMason）2.GovernmentTheLegislature:CongressTheSenate(参议院）100votiingmembersAtermofsixyearsASenatormustbeover30yearsold,aresidentinthestatewhichtheyrepresent,andmusthavebeenaU.Scitizenforatleastnineyears.TheHouseofRepresentatives(众议院）435votingmembersAtermoftwoyearsSixnon-votingrepresentativesfromPuertoRico(波多黎各),theDistrictofColumbia(哥伦比亚特区）andfourotherterritoriesoftheU.S.Therepresentativesmustbeatleast25yearsoldandaU.Scitizenforatleastsevenyears.Thelaw-makingprocessHousesintroduceabillorlegislativeproposalsenttoapropercommitteethesub-committeeholdssessionsthecommitteevotesonthebillthecommitteereportthebilltohousesthebillispassedbybothhousesthebillgoestothePresidentforapprpvalthePresidentsignitintolawTheexecutiveTheexecutivebranchconsistsof14departmentsandmanyindependentagenciesCabinetisformedbydepartmentheadssourceofadviceandassistancetothepresidentPresidentischiefoftheexecutive.firstcitizenhiswife—FirstLadyFunctionsofThePresident–tocommandthearmedforcesandgrantpardons;–tomakeappointmentstocertainoffices;–toconcludetreaties;–tosendandreceivediplomaticandconsularofficials;–toinformCongressonthe“stateoftheUnion”;–torecommendlegislation,approveorvetobillspassedbyCongress,andensuretheexecutionoflaws.Thepresident’slimits:•askCongressforeverydollarhisadministrationspends•majorappointmentswithapprovaloftheSenate•reporttoCongressonhismilitaryactionabroadforapproval•canbeimpeachedbyCongressifabusingpowerorcommittingcrimesTheJudicialBranchThejudicialbranchconsistsofaseriesofcourts:theSupremeCourtthecourtsofappealsthedistrictcourtsTheSupremeCourt—highestcourt;OneChiefJusticeandeightAssociateJustices;decisionsaremadebythemajority.appointedbythePresidentwiththeSenate’sapproval;onlyremovedfromofficebyCongressthroughdifficultimpeachment.JurySystem•TheSupremeCourt’spowers:a)tointerpretlaws;b)tohearappealsfromanyfederalcourtcases;c)tohearappealsfromstatecourtcasesthatinvolvetheConstitutionornationallaws;d)maydeclarealawunconstitutional;e)maydeclareapresidentialactunconstitutional.3.POLITICALPARTIESTheDemocraticPartyTheRepublicanParty&THEDEMOCRATICPARTY1.Symbol:Donkey2.Government:Toplayanimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizefullemploymentasamatterofnationalconcern3.Favorcivilrightslaws,astrongsocialsecuritysystem,lessrestrictiveabortionlaws,amongothers.THEREPUBLICANPARTY1.Symbol:Elephant2.Favoraneconomicsystem:givingenterprisesgreaterfreedomanddemandthegovernmenttocontrolinflation3.Stresstheneedforlawandorder4.Opposecompletegovernmentsocialprogramsandfreechoiceofabortion5.Favorastrongmilitaryposture(立场)andassertivestandininternationalrelationsPartyDetailsTheDemocraticPartyTheRepublicanPartySymboldonkeyelephantIdeologyliberalmoreconservativeEconomicissuesgovernmentinterventionfreemarketSocialissuessupportastrongsocialsecuritysystemopposelargegovermentalsocialsecurityprogramsPoliticalsupportpoorerandless-privilegedpeoplebusinessgroupsFUNCTIONOFPARTIESa.Tonominatecandidatesforofficeandhelpthemintheirelectioncampaigns(竞选)b.Findthemostsuitablecandidatesc.Helpcandidatestocollectthemoneyneeded,mobilize(组织)thepartyactivistsorhirepeopletohelpthemwiththepropaganda(宣传)d.Urge(力劝、催促)thepublictovoteforthemandunderminetherivalsbyexposingtheirpersonalflawsorattackingtheirpolicies4.ELECTION1.Qualification:Bylaw,anynatural-bornAmericanover35yearscanrunforthepresidencyInreality,onlythecandidatesnominatedbythetwomajorparties,theRepublicanandtheDemocratic,havethechancetowinapresidentialelectionHOWTOWINAPRESIDENTIALELECTION?Money&Supporters2.Time:Eachpartyholdsitsnationalconventioneveryfouryears,inthesummerbeforethegeneralelection.3.Primaryelection:Severalmonthsbeforetheconvention,alltheaspirant(有抱负者)forthenominationbegintheirpersonalcampaignswithinthepartytohavemoretheirsupporterstobenominatedforthecandidacyTHEPRESIDENTIALELECTION(TWOSTAGES):Thefirststage:A.Eachstateisallowedtochooseanumberofpresidentialelectors,whichisequalt