英语国家概况_英国议会和政府(汇总)

英国议会英国议会渊源于古代的贤人会议,后来发展为大会议,1688年“光荣革命”后，议会逐步获得至尊无上的地位;议会代表了英国民主政治的传统,成为反对专制的坚强堡垒,英国议会的产生为人类民主社会作出了贡献.人们把英国议会称为“议会之母”。英国议会被称为“议会之母”的缘由:①议会是现代资本主义政体中最重要的组成部分之一，也是资本主义民主制度的主要体现。②英国是世界上第一个建立议会制的国家。③美、法等国都效妨英国建立起各具特色的议会制。英国议会（最高立法机关）下议院上议院（至尊议会）立法权财政权司法权监督权（起辅助作用）监督下院工作协助下院立法修改和否决议案行政权力的最高来源英国最高司法机关（受理民事、刑事上诉案件，审理贵族案件）英国议会的地位：英国议会的组成:最高立法机关（1）下议院（2）上议院BritishParliamentTheUnitedKingdomisaunitary,notafederalstate(中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家).ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons(议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成).BritishParliamentThemainfunctionsofParliamentare:(1)topasslaws(通过立法);(2)toprovide,byvotingfor,taxation(投票批准税);(3)toexaminegovernmentPolicyandadministrations(检查政府政策和行政管理);(4)todebatethemajorissuesoftheday(当天的议题辩论).BritishParliamentTheHouseofLordsTheHouseofLordsconsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神职议员),whoaretheArchbishopsandmostprominentbishopsoftheChurchofEngland;andtheLordsTemporal(世俗议员),thosewhoeitherhaveinheritedtheseatfromtheirforefathers（hereditarypeers世袭贵族）or（lifepeers终身贵族）havebeenappointed.Thelordsmainlyrepresentthemselvesinsteadoftheinterestsofthepublic.BritishParliamentLifepeers--终身贵族appointedbythesovereignatthesuggestionofthePrimeMinister(apracticebeganin1958)注：终身爵士。1958年英国议会通过了终身贵族爵位法，对那些为英国社会作出杰出贡献的人---英国一些著名的政治家和高官，如首相、总督、高级大臣等，从现职退下来后，王室授封他们为终身贵族。他们以其丰富的从政经验进入上院继续参政议政，但其爵位不能传后代。BritishParliamentTheHouseofCommonsTheHouseofCommonsistherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifebecauseitistheplacewhererepresentatives(MembersofParliament)areelectedtomakeanddebatepolicy.TheseMPsareelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshouldrepresentinterestsofthepeoplewhovoteforthem.BritishParliamentBritainisdividedintoconstituencies(选区).EachoftheconstituenciesreturnsonemembertotheHouseofCommons.Thepartywhichholdsamajorityofthose“seats”inparliamentformsthegovernment,withitspartyleaderasthePrimeMinister.Afteragovernmenthasbeeninpowerfor5yearsithastoresignandholda“generalelection”.BritishParliamentGeneralElectionsPeriodicnationalgeneralelectionsareveryimportantinthewesternmodelofdemocracy（周期性大选在西方式的民主制度中非常重要）.Theelectionisseenasanopportunityforpeopletoinfluencefuturegovernmentpolicyandtoreplacetheincompetentpoliticalleader.BritishParliamentAnyonewhoiseligible(有资格当选的)tovotecanstandasanMP.Itisnecessaryonlytomakeadepositof500pounds(aquiteeasilyobtainableamountintheUK)whichislostifthecandidatedoesnotreceiveatleast5%ofthevote.BritishParliamentTheelectoralcampaignsBeforeageneralelection,thepoliticalpartieswouldstarttheirelectoralcampaigns（advertisements,postaldeliveriesofleaflets,etc.）inordertomaketheirpoliciesknowntothepublic.Thesecampaigns(attackingandcriticizingtheopponents’policies)sometimescanbequiteaggressiveandcritical.英国的议会和政府至尊的议会（“议会之母”）是最高立法机关，主要由上议院和下议院组成内阁与首相内阁是英国政府的核心领导机关首相和内阁要向议会负责，而不用对国家元首（国王）负责内阁权力很大首相拥有非常广泛的权力，集党、政、军大权于一身君主立宪制的实质本质上是资产阶级政权的一种组织形式英国议会是最高_______，主要由上议院和下议院组成，有________之称。内阁是英国政府的_________，首相和内阁要向_____负责。首相拥有非常广泛的权力，集_________大权于一身。君主立宪制本质是________政权的一种组织形式。资产阶级核心领导机关议会立法机关“议会之母”党、政、军君主立宪制的实质1、从英国君主立宪制的结构看为资产阶级服务，不是为全体人民服务，具有阶级性。英王和王室上院下院保守党工党2、从政策层面看议会政党右翼左翼保守党工党首相的权利：①首相掌握政府人事大权,包括任免内阁成员和其他非阁员大臣(向国王提交任免名单).②首相领导内阁，对重大问题作出最终裁决。③首相控制国家财政大权，掌控预算决策权。④首相有权建议国王解散议会，宣布重新大选。⑤首相是武装部队的实际最高领导人，可宣布全国处于“紧急状态”。内阁的权力：①制定内外政策②向议会提交议案以及需要议会审议的政策③行使最高行政权力④协调和确定政府各部门职权⑤在国家处于紧急状态时，采取紧急行动⑥必要时宣布提前大选BritishGovernmentTheUnitedKingdomisaconstitutionalmonarchy(君主立宪制),whichisgoverned,inthenameoftheSovereignbyHisorHerMajesty’sGovernment.Thepowerofthemonarchywaslargelyderivedfromthe“divinerightofkings”.（上帝和神赐予的）“君权神授论”联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。BritishGovernmentBritainisbothaparliamentarydemocracyandaconstitutionalmonarchy.WhiletheofficialheadofthestateistheQueen,herpowersarelargelytraditionalandsymbolic.ThegovernmentatnationalandlocallevelsiselectedbythepeopleandgovernsaccordingtoBritishconstitutionalprinciples.BritishGovernmentTheparty,whichwinssufficientseatsataGeneralElectionintheHouseofCommonsusuallyformstheGovernment.Bytradition,theleaderofthemajoritypartyisappointedPrimeMinisterbytheSovereign.Theparty,whichwinsthesecondlargestnumberofseats,becomestheofficialOpposition组成反对党.Englandinthe18thCentury:RobertWalpole(罗伯特·沃波尔)ThefirstPrimeMinisterThemostinfluentialmemberintheWhigPartyFirstLordoftheTreasuryencouragingtradeandindustryandavoidingforeignentanglement“AnyPeaceispreferableeventosuccessfulwar.”——RobertWalpoleBritishGovernmentMembersofParliamentassembledthemselvesintogroupswhicheventuallywouldbecomepoliticalparties.Historically,therearetwopartiesinBritainTheWhigs辉格党---theLiberalParty自民党TheTories托利党---theConservativePartyThetwomajorpartiesnowaretheConservativeParty(保守党)andtheLaborParty（工党）Thetwo-partysystemTheWhigs:supportingthegovernmentLiberalsreplacedbytheLaborParty(20thcentury)TheTories:supportingthemonarchConservativesThepartyinpower(执政党)themajorityparty,thelegislativebody,theexecutivebranchThepartyinopposition(在野党)AcollectionofopposingpartiesBritishGovernmentTheConservativePartydescendedfromthehistoricToryParty(托利党),whichwasfoundedin1678,wasingovernmentfortw