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ByGuanRuiCONTENTSⅠ、History&StatusⅡ、StylizedactionⅢ、Skill&RolesⅣ、FacialmakeupBeijingOperaHistoryPartoneBeijingOpera&StatushistoryBeijingOperaKnownasChina’snationalopera,BeijingOperaoriginatedinthelate18thcenturyfromthebasisofsomelocaloperasinAnhuiandHubeiProvinces.DuringthereignoftheQianlongemperorintheQingdynasty,Qianlonghadinterestinthelocalopera.In1790,tocelebratehiseightiethbirthday,hesummonedoperatroupes（戏班）fromdifferentplacestoperformforhiminBeijing.FourfamoustroupesfromAnhuiprovinceremainedinBeijingafterthecelebration.In1828,aHubeitroupecametoBeijingandoftenperformedtogetherwiththeAnhuitroupes.ThetwotypesofsingingmixedtogetherandgraduallyanewtypecameintobeingknownasBeijingOpera.TheearlyQingDynastysawagreatdevelopmentofaplethoraofoperas.InthemiddleoftheQingDynasty,HuiandHanoperaswerebroughtintoBeijing.Theybecameimmenselypopularwiththeimperialfamily,nobles,officialsandthecommoners.ThemarriageofHuiandHanoperasbecameknownastheBeijingopera.statusBeijingOperaBeijingOperaisthemostinfluentialandrepresentativeofalloperasinChina.Ithasahistoryofmorethan200years.IthaswongreatpopularitynotonlyinChinabutalsothroughouttheworld.BeijingOperaisaharmoniouscombinationofmanyartforms.Itisasynthesisoftraditionalmusic,dancing,poetry,acrobatics（杂技）andmartial（尚武的）arts.Itisfamousforitsexquisitecostumes,beautifulmake-uporpaintedface,andestablishedperformingconventionsandrules.TheearlyQingDynastysawagreatdevelopmentofaplethoraofoperas.InthemiddleoftheQingDynasty,HuiandHanoperaswerebroughtintoBeijing.Theybecameimmenselypopularwiththeimperialfamily,nobles,officialsandthecommoners.ThemarriageofHuiandHanoperasbecameknownastheBeijingopera.Stylized（程式化的）actionParttwoBeijingOperaBeijingOperaBeijingoperarecreatessettingsandprops（道具）throughtheuseofmimed（模拟）gesturesandactions.Thestagehasnorealdoor,carriage,boat,mountainorhorse;hencetheactorswillmimetheactionofopeningthedoor,enteringthroughthedoor,gettingonacarriage,rowingaboat,climbingupamountainandridingahorse.Forexample,thehandsshowingtheactionofholdingareinmeanstheactorisridingahorse,theactofopeningadoormeansjustthatandwalkingroundthestageinonecirclemeansalongjourney.Skill&RolesPartthreeBeijingOperaSkillThatis,sing(唱),read(念),do(做)andfight(打).BeijingOperaShengDanJingRolesChouMaleroleFemalerolePaintedfacemaleroleClownroleBeijingOperaTherolesontheChineseoperastagefallintofourcategories——Sheng,Dan,JingandChou.Theseroleshavethenaturalfeaturesofageandsex,aswellassocialstatus,andareartificiallyexaggeratedbymakeup,costumeandgestures.ShengTheLaoshengisadignified（庄重的）olderrole.Thesecharactershaveagentleandcultivateddispositionandwearsensiblecostumes.YoungmalecharactersareknownasXiaosheng.Thesecharacterssinginahigh,shrillvoicewithoccasionalbreakstorepresentthevoicechangingperiodofadolescence.TheWushengisamartial（尚武的）characterforrolesinvolvingcombat.Theyarehighlytrainedinacrobatics（杂技）,andhaveanaturalvoicewhensinging.BeijingOperaDanQingyi(青衣）Wudan(武旦）Laodan(老旦）Huadan(花旦)TheDanreferstoanyfemaleroleinBeijingOpera.Danroleswereoriginallydividedintofourtypes.Virtuous（道德高尚的）andelitewomenwereQingyi,martialwomenwereWudan,oldwomenwereLaodan,andvivacious（活泼的）andunmarriedwomenwereHuadan.BeijingOperaZhengjing(正净）JingFujing(副净）Wujing(武净）TheJingisapaintedfacemalerole.Dependingontherepertoire（全部剧目）oftheparticulartroupe,hewillplayeitherprimaryorsecondaryroles.Thistypeofrolewillentailaforcefulcharacter,soaJingmusthaveastrongvoiceandbeabletoexaggerategestures.BeijingOperaChouWenChou(文丑）Wuchou(武丑)TheChouisamaleclownrole.TheChouusuallyplayssecondlyrolesinatroupe.Indeed,moststudiesofBeijingoperaclassifytheChouasaminorrole.ChourolescanbedividedintoWenchou,civilianrolessuchasmerchantsandjailers（狱卒）,andWuchou,minormilitaryroles.BeijingOperaFacialmakeupPartfourBeijingOperaBeijingoperatypesoffacialmakeupinoperasBeijingoperatypesoffacialmakeupinoperas,isaspecialfeatureofanationalcosmetic.Aseachhistoricalfigureoracertaintypeofpersonhasanapproximatespectraltype,likesing,playmusictothemusic,socalled“typesoffacialmakeupinoperas”.Onthetypesoffacialmakeupinoperassources,thegeneralviewisfrommask.Beijingoperatypesoffacialmakeupinoperasarebasedoncertainpersonality,temperamentorsomespecialtypesoffiguresfortheuseofcertaincolors.BeijingOperaBlackfaces,usuallyhaveneutralmeanings,symbolizingjustbravecriticizedintegrityandevenreckless,however,theycanalsosignifiesuprightness.Redfaceshavepositivemeanings,symbolizingloyal,brave,faithfulandwisemen,suchasGuanYu.BeijingOperaYellowsignifiesviciousbrutality(凶狠残暴),suchasDianWei.Purpleisapositivecolor,whichsignifieswisdomandbravery.Whitefaceshavenegativemeaningsthatsymbolizetreacherous奸诈,insidious阴险andcrafty狡猾men,suchasCaocao.BeijingOperaBlueorgreenhaveneutralmeaningsthatsymbolizetheheroofthebush,withtheformeralsohintingatstrengthandintrepidity（无畏）.Goldandsilverfacessymbolizemysteriousness,andstandformonstersorgods.BeijingOperaFourFamousDanActors逼格MeiLanfang梅兰芳XunHuisheng荀慧生逼格ChengYanqiu程砚秋ShangXiaoyun尚小云BeijingOperaBeijingOperaTheMeiLanfangSchool梅派TheChengYanqiuSchool程派TheShangXiaoyunSchool尚派TheXu