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经济社会学的理论传统当代理论格拉诺维特与“嵌入性”纲领欧洲的经济社会学经济社会学的七个视角马克.格拉诺维特(MarkGranovetter)•1943年生于美国新泽西州•1965年毕业于普林斯顿大学,获历史学学士学位•1970年毕业于哈佛大学,获社会学博士学位•曾先后就职于下列各大学--约翰.霍普金斯大学--哈佛大学--纽约州立大学石溪分校--西北大学•现任斯坦福大学社会学系教授SelectedPublications1973.TheStrengthofWeakTies.AmericanJournalofSociology,78(May):1360-1380.1978.ThresholdModelsofCollectiveBehavior.AmericanJournalofSociology,83(May):1420-1443.1985.EconomicActionandSocialStructure:TheProblemofEmbeddedness.AmericanJournalofSociology,91(November):481-510.1988.InequalityandLaborProcesses(WithCharlesTilly).InNeilSmelser,ed.,HandbookofSociology,pp.175-221.NewburyPark,CA:SagePublications.1995.CoaseRevisited:BusinessGroupsintheModernEconomy.IndustrialandCorporateChange4(1):93-130.1995.GettingaJob:AStudyofContactsandCareers,2ndEdition(withanewPrefaceandanewchapterupdatingresearchandtheorysincethe1974edition).UniversityofChicagoPress(paperback).1998.TheMakingofanIndustry:ElectricityintheUnitedStates.WithPatrickMcGuire.Pp.147-173,inMichelCallon,editor,TheLawsofTheMarkets,Oxford:Blackwell.2000.SocialNetworksinSiliconValley.WithEmilioCastilla,HokyuHwangandEllenGranovetter.Pp.218-247inChong-MoonLee,WilliamF.Miller,MargueriteGongHancock,andHenryS.Rowen,editors,TheSiliconValleyEdge.Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress.2001.TheSociologyofEconomicLife,2ndedition,editedwithRichardSwedberg.Boulder,CO:WestviewPress.2002.ATheoreticalAgendaforEconomicSociology.ForthcominginMauroGuillen,RandallCollins,PaulaEnglandandMarshallMeyer,editors.TheNewEconomicSociology:DevelopmentsinanEmergingField.NewYork:RussellSageFoundation格拉诺维特当前的经济社会学研究经济制度的社会建构ProfessorMarkGranovetteriscurrentlyconcentratingonthreemainprojects.ThefirstisageneraltreatmentofeconomicsociologywiththepreliminarytitleSocietyandEconomy:TheSocialConstructionofEconomicInstitutions,tobepublishedbyHarvardUniversityPress.Thetheoreticalschemethatwillinformthebookislaidoutinhis1985AmericanJournalofSociologypaper,EconomicActionandSocialStructure:TheProblemofEmbeddedness.美国电力产业的起源与早期发展ThesecondisastudyontheoriginsandearlydevelopmentoftheelectricityindustryintheUnitedStates.Illustratingthegeneralargumentontheembeddednessofeconomicinstitutions,hearguesthatalthoughthisindustryobviouslyevolvedinthecontextofimportantpoliticalandeconomicconstraints,therewerenonethelessavarietyofwaysitmighthavebeenorganized.Throughextensivearchivalandsecondaryresearch,fundedinpartbytheNationalScienceFoundation,theresearchshowsthatindividualsmobilizingfinancial,technicalandpoliticalresourcesthroughtheirsocialandprofessionalnetworkspushedtheindustryincertaindirectionsratherthanothers,withsubstantialhistoricalcontingencyandpathdependencethroughouttheprocess.Consequently,popularfunctionalistassertionsthatthetechnologyandorganizationalformsweresimplyresponsestotechnicaloreconomicexigenciescannotbesupported.Technicalandorganizationalformsthatwereshuntedasideinthisperiod,andthenforgotten,werefarmoreplausibletechnicallyandeconomicallythanusuallysupposed.Somesuchforms,suchasthedecentralizedproductionofpowerinhomesandfactories,andtheseparationofdistributionfromproduction,arere-appearinginrecentyearsasthewaveofthefuture;ironically,thestudyshowsthesetobe,infact,thewaveofthepast.硅谷的网络FundedbytheBechtelInitiativeatStanfordUniversity,GranovetterisconductingaprojectentitledTheNetworksofSiliconValley.ThougheveryoneagreesthatthemostcrucialaspectofSiliconValley'sdramaticsuccessisitsnetworks,therehasbeenvirtuallynosystematicstudyoftheirhistory,structureandfunctioning.Thisprojectattemptstomapthesenetworksandtheirevolutionovertime.Usingrelationaldatabasemethodsdevelopedinthestudyoftheelectricityindustry,theplanistotracktheaffiliationofcompanyprincipals,tracethegenealogiesofnewfirms,andshowhowmovementsofpeopleamongfirmscontinuouslyshapesandreshapesnetworksofbothindividualsandorganizations.Theresearchgroupalsointendstostudytheinstitutionalcomplexthatsupportslocalindustrialactivity,includingfinancial,educational,legal,andpoliticalsectors.Theendresultshouldbethefirstcomprehensivesociologicalaccountofanindustrialdistrict.新经济社会学的“嵌入性”纲领理论前导：“嵌入性”概念的由来穿越于“低度”和“过度”社会化路线（under－andover－socialized）之间的“嵌入性”路线经济生活中的“秩序问题”市场与等级制：科斯－威廉姆森命题简短的结论理论前导：“嵌入性”概念的由来1、古典问题，两个极端问题：人类行为如何受到社会关系的影响两个极端的回答：☆功利主义传统：理性较少受到社会关系影响［例］霍布斯：自然状态（stateofnature）罗尔斯：原初位置（originalposition）☆另一个端项：行为深陷于社会关系之中，不可自拔2、“嵌入性”主张的理论亲和性☆“实体主义学派”☆“道义经济”理论☆马克思主义理论3、经济学和社会学：两个回答穿越于“低度”和“过度”社会化路线之间的嵌入性路线TheEmbeddednessApproach嵌入性有目的行动嵌入于持续运转的社会关系之中低度社会化路线•新古典经济学•行动者完全独立并且是原子化的过度社会化路线•新制度经济学•社会结构操纵个人行动者……嵌入性研究路径通过追寻和分析具体的社会关系模式，从而穿越于……过度社会化研究路径和……低度社会化研究路径之间----“经济行动与社会结构:嵌入性问题”新古典经济学的代表人物加里·贝克尔1992年诺贝尔经济学奖得主1930年，出生于宾夕法尼亚州的波茨维尔1951年，在普林斯顿大学完成文学士学位学习1953年，在芝加哥大学获经济学硕士学位1955年，获芝加哥大学哲学博士学位1960年，他在30岁时成为哥伦比亚大学的教授1970年，起在芝加哥大学任教授1967年，获美国经济协会授予的著名的约翰·贝茨·克拉克奖1974年，任美国经济协会的副会长1992年，获得诺贝尔经济学奖此外，贝克尔还是蒙特·皮莱林学会的成员、国民教育学院的创建人之一。新制度主义经济学的代表人物OliverWilliamsonDouglassNorthRonaldCoase新制度经济学的若干基本概念OliverWilliamson–Centralproblem:opportunismandmalfeasance–Pivotalconcept:assetspecificity–Theoreticalfocus:governancestructurethatminimizestransactioncost