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Unit1Manhasabloodtiewithnatureandnobodycanliveoutsidenature.Natureprovidesuswitheverythingweneed:theairwebreathe,thewaterwedrink,andthefoodweeat.Forquitealongtimeaftermanbegantoliveintherealmofnature,helivedinfearofitsdestructiveforces.Heusedtoregardnaturewithitselementalforcesassomethinghostiletohim.Andeventheforestwassomethingwildandfrighteningtohim.Veryoften,hewasunabletoobtainthemerestdailynecessitiesthoughheworkedtogetherwithothersstubbornlyandcollectivelywithhisimperfecttools.Throughhisinteractionwithnature,manchangeditgradually.Hecutdownforest,cultivatedland,transferredvariousspeciesofplantsandanimalstodifferentclimaticconditions,changedtheshapeandclimateofhisenvironmentandtransformedplantsandanimals.Hesubduedanddisciplinedelectricityandcompelledittoservetheinterestsofsociety.Nonetheless,withtheconstantexpansionofagricultureandindustry,manhasrobbednaturetoomuchofitsirreplaceableresources,pollutedhisownlivingenvironmentandcausedabout95%ofthespeciesthathaveexistedoverthepast600millionyearstobecomeextinctandstillmanyotherstobeendangered.Thepreviousdynamicbalancebetweenmanandnatureisonthevergeofbreakingdown.Manisnowfacedwiththeproblemofhowtostop,oratleasttomoderatethedestructiveeffectoftechnologyonnature.Thecrisisoftheecologicalsituationhasbecomeaglobalproblem.ThesolutiontotheproblemdependsonrationalandwiseorganizationbothofproductionitselfandcareforMotherNature.Thiscanonlybedonebyallhumanity,ratherthanbyindividuals,enterprisesorseparatecountries.1realm2elemental3obtain4stubbornly5transferred6transformed7subdued8expansion9irreplaceable10extinct11dynamic12verge13moderate14ecological15rationalUnit2Technologyisahotissuenowadays.Thedefendersoftechnologystressitsadvantageswhiletheopponentsemphasizeitsdisadvantages.Neithersidehasevertakenthetimetolookattheoppositepointofview.Thedefendersoftechnologyholdthatwithtechnology,people'slivingconditionshavebeengreatlyimproved.Forexample,theboominproductivityhasmadegoodsbetterandcheaper.Therefore,thingsthatwereonceluxuries,suchasjettravelandlong-distancephonecalls,havebecomenecessities.Medicaltechnology,inparticular,hasbenefitedusalot,especiallyinprolonginglifeexpectancy.Ontheotherhand,theopponentsoftechnologyarguethattechnologymakeslifeobviouslyworse.Telemarketing,trafficjams,andidentitytheftareallphenomenathatmakepeopleconsciouslyunhappy.Inaddition,manypeoplebelievetechnologydisruptsrelationshipsandfracturescommunity.EversincetheIndustrialRevolution,therelationshipbetweenhappinessandtechnologyhasbeenaneternalsubjectforsocialcriticsandphilosophers,thougheconomistsandsocialscientistshaveseldomtouchedonthetopic.However,in1974theeconomistRichardEasterlindidgroundbreakingworkontherelationshipbetweenprosperityandwell-being.InhisfamouspaperentitledDoesEconomicGrowthImprovetheHumanLot?,Easterlinshowedthattherewasnorealcorrelationbetweenanation'sincomelevelanditscitizens'happinessinthedevelopedcountries.Infact,technologyisneithergoodnorbad.Itdependsonwhatwewanttodowithit.Therefore,theresponsibilitybelongsexclusivelytohumanswhohavetoacquireasocialconscience,torespecthumanbeings,natureanditsbalances.1emphasize2opposite3improved4luxuries5benefited6obviously7consciously8fractures9eternal10groundbreaking11entitled12correlation13depends14exclusivelyUnit4Mostpeoplehaveworktodo.Withwork,theycanenjoytheirlives.However,peoplewhodidphysicallaborwerelookeddownuponinthepast.Manypeoplewerecompelledtotakemanuallaborbecauseitwasanabsolutenecessityforthemtoearnalivingandtosupporttheirfamilies.Bycontrast,peoplewhodidmentalworkwerehighlyrespected.Undertheinfluenceofthisidea,eventodaysomepeoplestillidealizetheirfuturewhenmakingchoicesfortheircareer.Whattheycaremostaboutiswhetherthejobcangivethemenoughsocialstatusratherthanwhethertheycanrealizetheirvaluesinit.Intheireyes,thosewhodomanuallaborshouldstillbeclassifiedasinferiorinsocialstatus.Infact,thereisnoessentialdifferencebetweenthosewhoworkwiththeirhandsandthosewhoworkwiththeirmind.Whetherajobislabororworkdoesnotdependonthejobitselfbutonpeople'sattitudetowardsit.Aslongasyoulikeyourjob,youwillthinkyouarefortunateenoughtotakeitandyouwilldoitenthusiastically.1enjoy2physical3compelled4necessity5support6mental7idealize8status9values10classified11essential12mind13attitude14fortunateUnit5Whatdoessuccessmeantoyou?Doesitmeanwealth,fame,powerorsomethingelse?Differentpeoplehavedifferentpursuitsinlifesotheyunderstandsuccessindifferentways.Somepeoplechasemoneytheirwholelives.Tothem,moremoneymeansmoresuccess.Somepeoplerunafterfame.Withfameandreputation,theycangaintheadmirationandloveofmanyothers.However,somepeoplededicatethemselvestothewell-beingofsociety.Doubtlessly,moneyissomethingthatcanbeusedasarewardtothosewhohavedonevaluablework.Thosewhoperformtheirworkexcellentlyshouldbepaidsufficiently.Butsuccesscannotbemeasuredinmonetaryterms,norintermsoftheamountofpoweronemayexerciseoverothers.Afterall,moneyandpowercanassurepeopleneitherofhappinessnorofrespectfromothers.Fame,too,isaflawedmeasureofsuccess.Momentaryfamecanbringgreatjoytothosewhohaveitforatime.Butthey