Unit8

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Unit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3Unit8Unit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3PartIITextATheMagicofMemoryLaurenceCherryTitleofTextAUnit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3记忆的魔力劳伦斯·切里􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶􀒶ChineseVersionUnit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3Ourmemoriesareprobablyourmostcherishedpossessions.Morethananythingelseweown,theybelonguniquelytous,definingourpersonalitiesandourviewsoftheworld.Eachofuscansummonthousandsofmemoriesatwill1:ourfirstdayatschool,afavoritefamilypet,asummerhouseweloved.Andyetthemarvelofmemorycontinuestobeatantalizingmystery.Nevertheless,withinthepastfewyearsgreatadvanceshavebeenmadeinunderstandingwhatmemoryis,howitworks,andhowitmaypossiblybeimproved.“We’restandingatthebrinkof2awholenewerainmemoryresearch,”saysDr.StevenFerris,apsychologist.“Forthefirsttime,there’sageneralfeelingthatwe’rereallyontherighttrack3.”Para.1ofTextA1.任意地;随意地2.处于…的边缘3.循着正确的路线Unit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3我们的记忆或许是我们最为珍视的财产。记忆只归个人所有,其专属性甚于其他任何事物。记忆勾画出我们的个性,展示着我们的世界观。我们每个人都能任意调动成千上万种回忆:入学的第一天啦,家里养的宠物啦,我们喜爱的夏日凉亭啦。然而,记忆的奇妙,仍是个可想而不可解的千古之谜。不过近几年来,对记忆的了解有了很大进展,如记忆究属何物、记忆的运作情况,以及如何增强记忆等等。“在记忆研究领域,我们即将进入一个全新的时代,”心理学家斯蒂芬·费里斯说。“总算第一次大致感觉到,我们正循着正确的路线摸索前行。ChineseVersionUnit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3Para.2ofTextAForyears,theprevailingtheorywasthatrememberingwassomehowconnectedtoelectricalactivityinsidethebrain.Butwithinthepastdecade,it’sbecomeclearthatchemicalchangesmustalsobeinvolved,otherwiseourmemoriescouldneversurvivedeep-freeze,coma,anesthesiaandothereventsthatradicallydisruptthebrain’selectricalactivity.Ingeniousresearchoverthepastfewyearshasdemonstratedthatbiochemicalchangesdoindeedaccompanylearningandremembering.Unit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3Inonedramaticexperiment,mice,whousuallypreferthesafetyofdarkness,weretaughttofearthedarkandwerethenkilled.Extractsoftheirbrainswereinjectedintountrainedmice,andtheythenbegantoshunthedark.Otherexperimentershaveshownthattheamountsofcertainchemicals,suchasRNA,radicallyincreasewithlearning,asdotheamountsofcertainneurotransmitters—chemicalsreleasedbybraincellsthathelpconductnerveimpulsesfromonebraincelltoanother.Memory,then,isalsochemicalinnature4,althoughexactlyinwhatwayremainsamystery.4.本质上;实质上Para.2ofTextAUnit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3多年来,流行的理论认为,记忆与大脑内的电能活动以某种方式发生着联系。但是,近10年来,有一点越来越清楚了:记忆过程中肯定也涉及化学变化,否则,在深冻、昏迷、麻醉以及其他事件严重阻断大脑电能活动的情况下,记忆就不可能保存下来。过去几年富有独创性的研究表明,在学习和记忆的同时,确有生化变化伴随产生。在一个富有戏剧性的实验中,原本喜欢在黑暗中寻求安全的老鼠被训练对黑暗产生恐惧。然后实验者把它们杀死,并将其脑髓提取物注入一些未受过训练的老鼠体内,于是这些老鼠也开始躲避黑暗了。其他一些实验也表明,诸如核糖核酸之类的某些化学物质的数量会随着学习活动的进行而急剧增加,某些神经传递素的数量也是如此。神经传递素是脑细胞释放的化学物,有助于传导脑细胞之间的冲动。因此,就其实质而言,记忆也是化学性的,尽管具体如何反应仍然还不清楚。ChineseVersionUnit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3Paras.3ofTextAAlmostallmemoryresearchersnowagreethatourbrainsrecord—andonsomelevel5remember—everythingthateverhappenstous.Manypeoplewho’venarrowlyescapedsuddendeath,suchassoldiersandmountainclimbers,havereportedthatinthefewsecondsthatseemedlefttothemastreamoflong-lostmemoriesflashedbeforethem.ThefirstexperimentalconfirmationthatthebraindoesrecordeveryexperienceinthisminutewaycamesomeyearsagofromDr.WilderPenfieldoftheMontrealNeurologicalInstitute.Inhismedicalpractice,Penfieldfoundthatbytouchingthebrainsofsomepatientswiththetipofhiswire-thinelectrodehewasabletoevokeastonishinglypreciseandvividmemories.“Iseeaguycomingthroughthefenceatthebaseballgame,”exclaimedonepatient,wheneverPenfieldtouchedonepartofhisbrain.“It’sthemiddleofthegame,andI’mbacktherewatchinghim!”Anotherwomanreportedbeingbackataconcertshehadonceattended.5.从某种角度,在某种层面Unit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3几乎所有研究记忆的专家们都同意,凡是在我们身上发生过的事情,我们的大脑全都记录在案,从某种角度说,全都记在脑子里。像士兵和登山运动员之类许多突然濒死的劫后余生者,都曾报告说,在濒死前的短短几秒钟内,他们眼前闪过了一连串早已忘却的往事记忆。在来自蒙特利尔神经病学研究所的魏尔德·潘菲尔德博士的研究报告中,最早证实了大脑确有如此细致入微地记录每一经历的功能。在医疗实践中,潘菲尔德博士发现,用电线般细的电极末梢触碰某些病人的大脑,能激起令人惊异的精确而生动的往事回忆。“我看到一个小伙子正在穿过棒球赛场的栅栏,”每回潘菲尔德触碰一个病人大脑的某一部位时,那个病人总是这样叫嚷,“现在比赛正在进行,我要过去管住他!”还有一位妇人报告说,她回到了听过的一场音乐会的现场。ChineseVersionUnit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3Para.4ofTextAInvestigatorsusinghypnosishavebeenasastonishedasPenfieldattheamazingcapacityofourmemories.Onceinatrance,goodhypnoticsubjectscanreportdetailedrecollectionsofeventsthattookplacedays,months,evendecadesago—which,whencheckedagainstoldrecordsanddiaries,turnouttobeaccurate.“Everything,absolutelyeverything,isremembered,”saysonehypnotist.Unit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3采用催眠术的研究人员也像潘菲尔德一样,对我们记忆的容量之大惊讶不已。一些状态良好的接受催眠实验的人在一次沉睡中能详细地回顾几天、几年甚至几十年前发生的事件,与历史记录和日记核对后发现,他们的回忆精确无误。“每一件事,确确实实是每一件事,都记得一清二楚。”一位催眠师这样说。ChineseVersionUnit8MemoryandRemembrance全新版21世纪大学英语读写教程BOOK3Foryears,scientistshuntedfor6thebrain’selusive“memorycenter,”wherelong-termmemoriesmightbeprocessedandstored.Aboveall7,thehippocampi,small,seahorse-shapedstructuresaboutthreecentimeterslong,deepwithineachhalfofthebrain,weretargetedasthepossiblecenter.Ifonehippocampusisinjured,memoryistemporarilyaffected,theneventuallyreturns.Butifbotharedamaged,thelossofmemoryisfinal.Patientswhohavelosttheirhippocampiliveinastran

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