大学英语四级语法复习

大学英语四级语法复习课时间状语从句时间状语从句的形式Whenthephonerang,thebabywokeup.Whenthephonerang是一个时间状语从句。状语从句是从句的一种，它必须依附于一个独立分句（或主句）。Thebabywokeupwhenthephonerang.如果状语从句在主句前，两个分句间要用逗号隔开。用时间状语从句表示时间关系Aftera)Aftershegraduates,shewillgetajob.b)Aftershegraduated,shegotajob.Beforea)Iwillleavebeforehecomes.b)Ileftbeforehecame.用时间状语从句表示时间关系Whena)WhenIarrived,hewastalkingonthephone.b)WhenIgotthere，hehadalreadyleft.c)Whenitbegantorain,Istoodunderatree.d)WhenIwasinChicago,Ivisitedmyuncle.e)WhenIseehimtomorrow,Iwillaskhim.when=atthattime注意：不同的时态表示不同的时间关系。用时间状语从句表示时间关系Whileasa)WhileIwaswalkinghome,itbegantorain.b)AsIwaswalkinghome,itbegantorain.While,as=duringthattime用时间状语从句表示时间关系Bythetimea)Bythetimehearrived,wehadalreadyleft.b)Bythetimehecomes,wewillhavealreadyleft.Bythetime=oneeventiscompletedbeforeanotherevent注意过去完成时和将来完成时在主句中的用法用时间状语从句表示时间关系Sincea)Ihaven’tseenhimsinceheleftthismorning.b)I’veknownhereversinceIwasachild.Since=fromthattimetothepresent注意：主句中使用现在完成时用时间状语从句表示时间关系UntilTilla)Westayedthereuntilwefinishedourwork,b)Westayedtheretillwefinishedourwork.c)Hedidn’tcomehomeuntil12o’clock.=tothattimeandthennolonger用时间状语从句表示时间关系Assoonasoncea)Assoonasitstopsraining,wewillleave.b)Onceitstopsraining,wewillleave.=whenoneeventhappens,anothereventhappensafterwards.用时间状语从句表示时间关系AslongasSolongasIwillneverspeaktohimagainaslongasIlive.IwillneverspeaktohimagainsolongasIlive.=duringallthattime,frombeginningtotheend用时间状语从句表示时间关系WheneverEverytimea)WheneverIseeher,Isayhello.b)EverytimeIseeher,Isayhello.Whenever=Everytime用时间状语从句表示时间关系ThefirsttimeThelasttimeThenexttimea)ThefirsttimethatIwenttoNewYork,Iwenttoanopera.b)Isawtwoplaysthelasttime(that)IwenttoNewYork.c)Thenexttime(that)IgotoNewYork,I’mgoingtoseeaballet.firstThelasttime(that)next冠词用法的基本原则原则一：当你知道或认为听者熟悉你说谈论的事物和人时，用the原则二：用于表示概括时,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不能加the.原则三：使用单数可数名词时，一定要加⑴a或an(one,each,every);⑵the；this或that;⑶物主代词或所有格（my,Jim’s）。冠词用法的基本原则练习：判断正误Asunisbrighttoday.Pleaseopenadoor.Theapplesaremyfavoritefruit.ThegoldisametalIdroveacar.Afew和fewer,Alittle和Little的用法AfewShehasbeenhereonlytwoweeks,butshehasalreadymadeafewfriends.Afew和Alittle表示肯定意义。AlittleI’mverypleased.I’vebeenabletosavealittlemoneythismonth.Afew和fewer,Alittle和Little的用法fewShehasfewfriends.few和Alittle表示否定意义。意指某事物几乎不存在。very+few/little使否定意义更强烈。littleIhavelittlemoneythismonth.All和both的用法正：Allofthestudentsinmyclassarehere.正：Allthestudentsinmyclassarehere.正：AllstudentsmusthaveanI.D.card.误：AllofstudentsmusthaveanI.D.card.当名词是非特指时，all后面不能加of.All和both的用法Iknowboth(of)thosemen.Iknowbothmen.Iknowbothofmen.单数的数量表达：one,each,everyOnestudentwaslatetoclass。Eachstudenthasaschedule。Everystudenthasaschedule。One,each,every后面跟单数可数名词。Oneofthestudentswaslatetoclass。Each(one)ofthestudentshasaschedule。Everyoneofstudentshasaschedule。Oneof,eachof,everyof后面跟特指的复数可数名词。单数的数量表达：one,each,every比较everyone和everyone比较each和every单数的数量表达：one,each,everyEveryone（两个词）指数量的短语。Ihavereadeveryoneofthosebooks.Everyone是一个不定代词和everybody一样。Everyonehasaschedule.单数的数量表达：one,each,everyEach用于说话人正在考虑一个人或一件事。Eachstudenthasabook.=Every用于说话人指所有事物。Everystudenthasabook.=Allstudentshaveabook.不定代词有哪些？EveryoneeverybodyeverythingSomeonesomebodysomethingAnyoneanybodyanythingNoonenobodynothing状语从句时间状语从句因果状语从句的引导词：BecauseNowthatsince对比：eventhoughtAlthoughThough条件:IfUnlessOnlyifWhetherornotEvenifIncaseIntheeventthat原因状语从句BecauseBecausehewassleepy,hewenttobed.Nowthat：“因为现在”，用来说明目前的某种原因，会导致现在或将来某种情况。Nowthatthesemesterisover，I’mgoingtorestafewdaysandthentakeatrip.Jacklosthisjob.Nowthathe’sunemployed,hecan’tpayhisbills.Eventhough用来表达意料之外的结果Because用来表达意料之中的结果Becausetheweatherwascold,Ididn’tgoswimming.Eventhoughtheweatherwascold,IwentswimmingBecauseIwasn’ttired,Ididn’tgotobed.EventhoughIwasn’ttired,Iwenttobed.While和whereasMaryisrich,whileJohnispoor.Johnispoor,whereasMaryispoor.条件状语从句：ifIfitrains,thestreetsgetwet.Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwilltakemyumbrella.条件状语从句的引导词：IfIncaseIntheeventthatEvenifWhetherornotUnlessOnlyifEvenif和WhetherornotI’mgoingtogoswimmingtomorrowwhetherornotitiscold.I’vedecidedtogoswimmingtomorrow.Eveniftheweatheriscold,I’mgoingtogoswimming.两者区别？Incase和intheeventthatI’llbeatmyuncle’shouseincaseyou(should)needtoreachme.Intheeventthatyou(should)needtoreachme,I’llbeatmyuncle’shouse.两者区别？Incase和Intheeventthat表达某事发生的可能性不大。Intheeventthat意为“万一这件事情发生的话”，比incase更加正式。Should表示没有把握。Unless=if…notI’llgoswimmingtomorrowunlessit’scold.I’llgoswimmingtomorrowifit’snotcoldunlessit’scold意思是？Onlyif的用法Thepicnicwillbecanceledonlyifitrains.Ifitiswindy,wewillgoonthepicnic.Ifitiscold,we’llgoonthepicnic.Ifitisdampandfoggy,Ifit’shot,Onlyif表示只有一种条件会造成某种特定结果。Onlyifitrainswillthepicnicbecanceled当onlyif位于句首时，主句的主语和动词要倒装。不使用逗号。Onlyif+其他从属连词/介词短语的结构置于句首时，主语和动词要倒装。例如：Onlywhentheteacherdismissesuscanwestandandleavetheroom.OnlyafterthephonerangdidIrealizethathadfallenasleepinmychair.OnlyinmyhometowndoIfeelatease.