公正:该如何做才好?第一课(因为整理比较麻烦,后续课程翻译会陆续上传)这是一门关于什么公正的课程。我们先讲一个故事Thisisacourseaboutjustice.Webeginwithastory.设想你是一位电车司机Supposeyou'rethedriverofatrolleycar你的电车正已每小时60英里行驶Yourtrolleycarishurtlingdownthetrackat60Mph.你发现,在车轨的尽头有5位工人在那里干活Attheendofthetrack,younoticefiveworkersareworkingonthetrack.你想尽办法停下来,但已经停不住了Youtrytostop,butyoucan't你的手刹不灵了yourbrakesdon'twork你感到十分绝望,因为你知道Youfeeldesperate,becauseyouknow如果你撞向这5位工人ifyoucrashintothesefiveworkers他们必死无疑theywillalldie你很快会就知道buttosoonyouknowthat'sforsure你不知道该怎么办好soyoufeelhelpless直到你发现untilyounotice,thereis在电轨的尽头,刚好有一条分叉offtotheright,asidetrack在电轨的尽头,刚好有一条分叉attheendofthattrack而在那条分叉路上,只有1位工人There'saworkerworkingonthetrack你的方向盘还没有失灵yoursteeringwheelworks所以你可以选择把电车拐向那条分叉路soyoucanturnthetrolleycar,ifyouwantto,ontothesidetrack撞向1位工人,但救活了另外那5位killingtheone,butsparingthefive现在我要问第一个问题Here'sourfirstquestion?什么是我们应该什么做?what'stherightthingtodo你会怎么做?whatwouldyoudo?让我们来做一次投票Let'stakeapoll多少人会选择转入拐向那条分叉路Howmanywouldturnthetrolleycarontothesidetrack举起你的手Raiseyourhands有多少人选择一直往前开的?Howmanywouldn't?Howmanywouldgostraightahead极少数人会。绝大部份选择了变方向Ahandfulofpeoplewould.Avastmajoritywouldturn让我们先听听。现在我们需要研究你这样做的原因Let'shearfirst.Nowweneedtobegintoinvestigatethereasonswhyyouthink让我们先听听占多数的人istherightthingtodo.Let'sbeginwiththoseinthemajority有谁选择转向一边岔道的?Whowouldturntogoontothesidetrack为什么你会这么做?你的原因是什么?Whywouldyoudoit?Wouldwouldbeyourreason?谁愿意说说你的想法?Whoiswillingtovolunteerareason?如果你可以只撞死一人,那么撞死5人肯定是不对的Becauseitcann'tberighttokillfivepeoplewhenyoucouldonlykillonepersoninstead如果你可以只撞死一人,那么撞死5人肯定是不对的itwouldn'tberighttokillfiveifyoucouldonlykillonepersoninstead这是一个很好的理由That'sagoodreason还有谁?是否有人同意这个想法,原因是什么?Whoelse?Doesanybodyagreewiththatreason?我认为这和9/11日事件是同样的道理Ithinkit'sthesamereasononthe9/11我们把那些,把飞机撞向宾夕法尼亚州空地的人,视作英雄weregardthepeoplewhoflewtheplaneintoPennsylvaniafieldasheros因为他们选择了牺牲飞机上的人,而不是撞向有人的大厦becausetheychosetokillthepeopleontheplane,andnotkillmorepeopleinthebuilding因此,原则是相同的,虽然都是发生在悲剧的情况下Sotheprinciplethereisthesameas9/11totragiccircumstance为了5个人能活下来,牺牲一个人也是值得的Bettertokillonesothatfivecanlive占多数人的你们,也是这样吗想吗?Isthatthereasonmostofyouhavethosewillturn?现在让我们来听听那些少数分子Let'shearnowfromthoseintheminority,thosewouldn'tturn我认为这跟种族灭族主义、极权主义,是同一个手法Ithinkthat'sthesametypeofmentalitythatjustifygenocideandtotalitarianism为了救活一个种族,你就能杀害其他人inordertosaveonetypeofrace,youwipeouttheother那么,在这种情况下你会怎么办?Sowhatwouldyoudointhiscase?为了避免作出像种族灭绝一样的做法Toavoidthehorrorofgenocide你就宁愿撞向那5个工人youwouldcrashintothefiveandkillthem理论上是这样Presumedlyyes好的。还有谁?这是一个大胆的想法。谢谢您Ok.Whoelse?That'sabraveanswer.Thankyou让我们考虑另外一种情况Let'sconsideranothertrolleycarcase看看你们这些占多数的andseewhetherthoseofyouinthemajority为什么在这种情况下,你的原则是牺牲一人来救活5人whywouldheretotheprinciple,betteroneshoulddiesothatfiveshouldlive现在,你不是电车司机,你只是一个旁观者Thistimeyou'renotthedriverofthetrolleycar,you'reanonlooker你站在桥上,俯瞰电车的电轨You'restandingonabridge,overlookingatrolleycartrack沿着这个轨道,在尽头有5名工人downthetrackcomethetrolleycar.Attheendofthetrackarefiveworkers.电车的手刹照样不灵了thebrakesdon'twork电车快要撞向那5个工人thetrolleycarisabouttocareenintothefiveandkillthem现在你不是司机andnowyou'renotthedriver你真的感到无助youreallyfeelhelpless突然,你看见站在你旁边untilyounoticestandingnexttoyou桥上还是一个非常胖的人leaningoverthebridgeisaveryfatman你可以推他一把andyoucouldgivehimashove他会掉到轨道上hewouldfalloverthebridgeontothetrack刚好能停住那辆电车rightinthewayofthetrolleycar他会死去,但他能救活其他5个人hewoulddiebuthewouldsparethefive现在,有多少人会推那个胖子。举起你的手nowhowmanywouldpushthefatmanoverthebridge.Raiseyourhands有多少不会这么做?大部分人都不会Howmanywouldn't?Mostpeoplewouldn't问题显而易见Here'stheobviousquestion你每次的选择,原则是什么?Whatbecameoftheprinciple?牺牲一个,救活更多人Bettertosavefivelivesevenifitmeanstosacrificeone在第一种情况几乎每个人都赞同,原因何在?Whatbecameoftheprinciplethatalmosteveryoneendorseinthefirstcase我要听听,在两种情况下都是站在大多数的人一边的人Ineedtohearfromsomeonewho'sinthemajorityinbothcases你如何解释二者之间的区别Howdoyouexplainthedifferencesbetweenthetwo在第二种情况下,我认为涉及选择的问题ThesecondoneIguessinvolvesanactofchoiceofpushingthepersondown那个胖子原本不牵涉到这宗事故里Thatpersonhimselfwouldotherwisenothavebeeninvolvedinthesituationatatall我觉得,第二种情况比第一种情况Tochooseonhisbehalf,Iguess,involvehiminsomethingthat那个胖子可以选择置身其外heotherwisewouldescape,Iguess,ismorethaninwhatyouhaveinthefirstcase但在第一种情况,司机,两边的工人的已经牵涉到里面wherethethreeparties,thedriver,thetwosetsofworkersarealreadyinthesituation但是,那个在岔道上的家伙Buttheguyworkingonthetrackofftheside他不会比那个胖子,更想牺牲自己吧?hedidn'tchoosetosacrificehislifeanymorethanthefatmandid,didhe?这是事实。但他在岔道上That'strue.Buthe'sonthetrack胖子也是在桥上啊Thisguyisonthebridge你可以继续,也可以待会儿再说Goahead.Youcancomebackifyouwant.好的。这是个难题。你已经做得很好了Allright.It'sahardquestion.Youdidverywell还有谁可以找到能调和的前后两种不同做法的?Whoelsecanfindawayofreconcilingthereactioninthemajorityinthesetwocases我想在第一种情况,我们必须在牺牲那1个工人或另外5个之间的选择Iguess,inthefirstcasewehavetheoneworkerandthefive我们必须作出的选择It'schoicebetweenthosetwo.Andyou'vetomakecertainchoice那些工人是死于那驾电车,而不是你的直接行为peoplearegonnadiebecauseofthetrolleycar,notnecessarilybecauseofyourdirectaction电车失控了,然后你才闭着你选择thetrolleycarisrunawayandthenyou'remakingasplitsecondchoice而推胖子的话,是你自愿的选择whereaspushingthefatmanoverisanactualizedmurderonyourpart你有能力选择推还是不推,但你没办法控制的电车不撞向大家you've