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Transcendentalism(1)InNewEngland,anintellectualmovementknownastranscendentalismdevelopedasanAmericanversionofRomanticism.ThemovementbeganamonganinfluentialsetofauthorsbasedinConcord,Massachusetts,andwasledbyRalphWaldoEmerson,likeromanticism,transcendentalismrejectedboth18th-centuryrationalismandestablishedreligion,Transcendentalistscelebratedthepowerofhumanimaginationtocommunewiththeuniverseandtranscendthelimitationsofthematerialworld.Thetranscendentalistsfoundtheirchiefsourceofinspirationinnature.MajorfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalismEmphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.TheOversoulwasanall-pervadingpowerforgoodness,omnipresentandomnipotent,fromwhichallthingscameandofwhichallwereapart.Itexistedinnatureandmanalikeandconstitutedthechiefelementoftheuniverse.OfferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Itwasthegarmentoftheoversoul.Thereforeitcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.Whatthetranscendentalistsseemedtobesayingwas,“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluence,andyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturaltendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThemajorfeaturesFirstly,theyplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.•首先，超验主义者强调精神，或超灵，认为这是宇宙至为重要的存在因素。•Secondly,theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.•其二，超验主义者强调个人的重要性。他们认为个人是社会的最重要的组成部分。Themajorfeatures•Thirdly,theyofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.•其三，超验主义者以全新的目光看待自然，认为自然界是超灵或上帝的象征。在他们看来，自然界不只是物质而已。ThemajorfeaturesMainrequires：1.至善【absolutegood】2.纯洁无暇【unspottedinnocenceofnature】3.人具有神性【humanitywasgodlikeandthatevilwasnonexistentappearedtobeanoptimisticfolly】•Wewillworkwithourownhands.•Wewillspeakourownminds.•Wewillwalkwithourownfeet.•-RalphWaldoEmersonRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)Americanphilosopher,poetandessayistThemosteloquentspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.Life•RalphWaldoEmersonwasbornonthesamestreetasthebirthhomeofBenjaminFranklin.•HisfatherwasafamousministerwhoencouragedyoungRalphtopursuephilosophyatayoungage.•Hisfatherpassedawaywhenhewas8andEmersonislefttosupporthisfourotherbrothers.•RalphwasaskedtoshareacoatwithhisbrotherEdwardtosavefinances.Despitethehardships,alltheEmersonboys,exceptone,graduatedfromHarvardUniversity.life•Aftergraduation,EmersonbecameaschoolteacherinsuburbanBoston.In1823,hegraduatedfromseminaryschoolandbecameapriest神父tofollowinthefootstepsofhisfather.Essays:1.Nature18362.AmericanScholar18373.DivinitySchoolAddress18384.Essay(twoseries)184118445.RepresentativeMen18506.EnglishTraits18567.TheConductofLife18608.SocietyandSolitude18709.LettersandSocialAims187610.Self-Reliance1841Poems:1.Poems18472.MayDay18673.ConcordHymn18374.TheRhodora18465.TheHumbleBee18476.DaysThescholaristhatmanwhomusttakeupintohimselfalltheabilityofthetime,allthecontributionsofthepast,allthehopesofthefuture,hemustbeanuniversityofknowledge.Inthewoods,wereturntoreasonandfaith,thereIfeelthatnothingcanbefallmeinlife---nodisgrace,nocalamity…,whichnaturecannotrepair.•你若是爱千古，你应该爱现在；昨日不能唤回来，明日还是不实在；你能确有把握的，只有今日的现在。•---RalphWaldoEmersonNatureIntroduction:Inthe“Introduction”,EmersonpronouncesthefundamentalpremiseaboutNatureinTranscendentalism,thatis,NatureisnotsimplytheNot-Mebutalsotheuniversalmindwhosesigns,orsymbols,arevisiblefortheindividualtoread,witheyes,heartandmind.The‘Introduction”isfollowedbyeightsections,eachofwhichdevelopsageneralthesis:“Nature”;“Commodity”;“Beauty”;“Language”;“Discipline”;“Idealism”;“Spirit”and“Prospects”.QuestionsforreadingNature※AccordingtoPara2,whydoesEmersonbelievethatthestarsawakenareverenceinpeople?※Whendonaturalobjectsmakeasimilarimpressionofreverence?※HowdoesEmersondescribetheloverofnature?※WhatdoesEmersonmeanwhenhesays,“Inthewoodstoo,amancastsoffhisyears”?※WhydoesEmersonsay,“IampartparticleofGod”?CommentonNature(1)《论自然》无论是作为教义,还是神秘思想,无论是从哲学角度去审视它,还是用诗人的思维去欣赏它,都是蕴涵深刻的作品。Emersonadvocatesmanshouldgobacknatureandtheprimevallandwheremancanregainself-confidencetoexertthepotentialityfornatureistheonlyinfinitespringofman’sinspirationandpower.Natureadvocatesnottofollowthebeatentrackandbeconfinedbyhistory.Manshoulddirectlylookupontheexuberantnaturewiththebrand-neweyebecausethereisthenewheavenandearth,newmanandnewthoughtshere..Emersonholdstheuniverseconsistsofnatureandspirit.Naturealwayswearsthecolorsofthespirit,whichisthesymbolofthespirit.Onlythespiritandnaturearemeltedintowholenessofharmonycanengendertherealpleasures.Onlymanstandalooffromthehubbubsandsolitaryandgazethenaturewiththepurespiritofinfancy,canhisspiritcommunewiththenature.Forthis,mancanmysticallycommunewiththenatureandfeeltheprofoundthoughtsandperfectemotionsandwasthereforepartorparticleofGod.Emerson’sdiary(1)DiaryofMay24,1847Thedayscomeandgolikemuffledandveiledfiguressentfromadistantfriendlyparty,buttheysaynothing,andifwe