合同终止

合同的终止Abreachofcontractiscommittedwhenapartywithoutlawfulexcusefailsorrefusestoperformwhatisduefromhimunderthecontract,orperformsdefectivelyorincapacitateshimselffromperforming.ThedoctrineofcompensationThedoctrineoflimitationsondamagesThedoctrineofexpectationinterest期待利益Thedoctrineofrelianceinterest信赖利益Thedoctrineofrestitutioninterest无偿得利Bothpartiesatthetimeoftheconclusionofacontracthaveexpectationinterestoverthecontract,andtheinjuredpartyisentitledtohisexpectationinterestlostbythepartyinbreach.Courtsordinarilyprotecttheexpectationthattheinjuredpartyhadwhenmakingthecontractbyattemptingtoputtheinjuredpartyinasgoodapositionasthatpartywouldhavebeeninhadthecontractbeenperformed,thatis,hadtherebeennobreach.Whenthedefendant’spromisetoperformhiscontractualobligations,theclaimanthasactedtohisdetrimentinenteringintothecontractandtheawardofdamagesshouldcompensatethedefendant.Toputtheclaimantinasgoodapositionashewasinbeforethedefendant’spromisewasmade.Aclaimantwhoclaimstheprotectionofhisrestitutioninterestdoesnotwishtobecompensatedforthelosswhichhehassuffered;rather,hewishestodeprivethedefendantofagainwhichhehasmadeattheclaimant’sexpense.Seeexampleonp.116Non-breachingpartyhasthedutytomitigatedamage.Damagesmustbeestablishedwithareasonabledegreeofcertainty.1Damagesmustbeeitherforeseeabletothebreachingpartyorwouldnaturallyflowfromthebreach.Hadleyv.Baxendale.Prutchv.FordMotorCompany.p117SpecificperformanceAvoidancePricereductionRefusingearlydeliveryandexcessquantityFailingtomakeanagreeddeliveryDeliveringgoodsthatdonotconformtothecontractIndicatinganintentionnottofulfilltheobligationsunderthecontract.Acourtrequiresapartytothecontracttoperform,orcarryoutitspartofthebargain.Oftenusedwhenthesubjectmatterofthecontractisunique.Ifthebreachismaterialorfundamental,thebuyerneednottakedeliverynorpayforthegoods,norfindabuyertotakethem.Abuyermaysimplycancelthecontractbynotifyingthesellerofavoidanceofthecontract,takecarethatthegoodsaretemporarilyprotectedandpreserved,andreturnthemforafullrefundofmoniesalreadypaid.Usedwhenthesellermakesonlyapartialshipment,orifthegoodsarenonconforming.Thebuyerisentitledtodothis.(reason?)Ifthebuyertakesdeliveryofallorpartoftheexcessquantity,hemustpayforitatthecontractrate.TocompelspecificperformanceToavoidthecontractforafundamentalbreachorfailuretocureadefectToobtainmissingspecificationsSuspensionofperformanceAvoidanceinanticipationofafundamentalbreachAvoidanceofaninstallmentcontractAvoidancedamagesTheusualremedygrantedbycommonlawcourtstobothbuyersandsellersisthelegalremedyofmoneydamages.PriceofSubstitutegoods-priceofcontractgoods=damageCurrentmarketprice-contractprice=damage第一百一十二条当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，在履行义务或者采取补救措施后，对方还有其他损失的，应当赔偿损失。第一百一十三条当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，给对方造成损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益，但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。经营者对消费者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，依照《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》的规定承担损害赔偿责任。第一百一十九条当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用，由违约方承担。Iftherewasafundamentalbreachwithrespecttoaparticularinstallment,thentheotherpartymaydeclarethecontractavoidedwithrespecttothatinstallment.Ifthebreachofoneinstallmentgivesaparty“goodgrounds”tobelievethatafundamentalbreachoflaterinstallmentswilloccur,thenthoselaterinstallmentsmaybeanticipatoryavoided.Onecontractingpartymayinformtheotherparty,beforethetimefixedforperformanceunderthecontract,thathewillnotperformhisobligationsunderthecontract.Acceptanceofthebreachentitlestheinnocentpartytoclaimdamagesatthedateoftheacceptanceofthebreach.Hochsterv.DeLaTourp128Exemptionofoneparty’sobligationincaseoftheotherparty’sfailureofperformance.Onepartyisentitledtorejectperformanceunlesstheotherpartyperformshisobligationsaccordingtothecontract.PICCArt.7.1.3.:“(1)wherethepartiesaretoperformsimultaneously,eitherpartymaywithholdperformanceuntilthefirstpartyhasperformed.(2)wherethepartiesaretoperformconsecutively,thepartythatistoperformlatermaywithholditsperformanceuntilthefirstpartyhasperformed.”第六十六条当事人互负债务，没有先后履行顺序的，应当同时履行。一方在对方履行之前有权拒绝其履行要求。一方在对方履行债务不符合约定时，有权拒绝其相应的履行要求。第六十八条应当先履行债务的当事人，有确切证据证明对方有下列情形之一的，可以中止履行：（一）经营状况严重恶化；（二）转移财产、抽逃资金，以逃避债务；（三）丧失商业信誉；（四）有丧失或者可能丧失履行债务能力的其他情形。当事人没有确切证据中止履行的，应当承担违约责任。第六十九条当事人依照本法第六十八条的规定中止履行的，应当及时通知对方。对方提供适当担保时，应当恢复履行。中止履行后，对方在合理期限内未恢复履行能力并且未提供适当担保的，中止履行的一方可以解除合同。Amountofmoneywhichshallbepayableintheeventofabreachofcontract.Eliminateuncertaintybecauseitenablesthepartiestoknowinadvancetheextentoftheirpetentialliabilityandtoplanaccordingly.Tofixthesumwhichistobepaidirrespectiveoftheactualdamagesufferedbyreasonofthebreach.Thesumstipulatedintheliquidateddamagesclauseisthesumrecoverable,eventhoughthatsumisgreaterorsmallerthanthelosswhichhasactuallybeensuffered.Penaltyclauseaimstopunishthepartyinbreach,whileliquidateddamageistoprovideremedy.Apenaltyclauseisinvalidandunenforceable,whiletheotheroneisvalidandenforceable.Itisthecourttodistinguishthetwokindsofclausesbyusingofconstructionrules:(1)ifthesumstipulatedforisextravagantandunconscionab