高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧

高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧推理判断题这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。常见的题干有：1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat.2)Wecanconcludethat.3)Whenthewritertalksabout...,whathereallymeansisthat.4)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?判断题考查学生在理解文章的基础上，对不同观点进行评价和判断的能力。推理题考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力。1)判断有据,推论有理,忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。2)全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。3)善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。4）不可直接选取文中的原句。例1：AnnealingAnnealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.Ifmetalisheatedandthencooledveryquickly,forexamplebydipping(浸)itinwater,itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle-thatis,itwillbreakeasily.Metalthathasbeenannealedissoftbutdoesnotbreakaseasily.Itispossibletomakemetalashardorassoftasitiswished,byannealingit.Themetalisheated,andallowedtocoolslowlyforacertainlengthoftime.Thelongertheheatedmetaltakestocoolslowly,thesofteritbecomes.Annealingcanalsobeusedonothermaterial,suchasglass.（1990NMET）①Whydopeopleputhotmetalinwater?A.Tomakeithard.B.Tomakeitsoft.C.Tomakeitcool.D.Tomakeitbrittle.[分析]答案为A，此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热，然后迅速放到水里冷却，也就会变得非常硬，但也变得脆。hard是工艺的主观目的。brittle是伴随的客观结果，故选A而不选D。B项明显错误；C项是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。②Inannealing,therequiredhardnessofmetaldependson__.A.thequantityofwaterusedB.thetemperatureofthemetalC.thesoftnessofthemetalD.thetimingoftheoperation[分析]答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。timing是时间的选择。本答案的依据是5和6两句，Themetalisheated,…lengthoftime.,Thelonger…thesofteritbecomes.cool的时间是可以控制的，时间越长越soft,即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结论：在退火过程中，金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。③Assuggestedbythetext,howcanglassbemadelessbrittle?A.Itcanbeheatedandthencooledquickly.B.Itcanbecooledandthenheatedslowly.C.Itcanbeheatedandthencooledslowly.D.Itcanbecooledandthenheatedquickly.[分析]答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到metal。最后一句说退火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知annealing就是先heat后coolslowly。由此推断C是正确的。例2：Atonetime,computerswereexpectedlargelytoremovetheneedforpapercopiesofdocuments(文件)becausetheycouldbestoredelectronically.Butforallthetextsthatarewritten,storedandsentelectronically,alotofthemarestillendinguponpaper.ItisdifficulttomeasurethequantityofpaperusedasaresultofuseofInternet-connectedcomputers,althoughjustaboutanyonewhoworksinanofficecantellyouthatwhene-mailisintroduced,theprintersstartworkingovertime.Ifeelinmybonesthisrevolutioniscausingmoretreestobecutdown,saysTedSmithoftheEarthVillageOrganisation.PerhapsthebestsignofhowcomputerandInternetusepushesupdemandforpapercomesfromthehigh-techindustryitself,whichseesprintingasoneofitsmostpromisingnewmarkets.SeveralInternetcompanieshavebeensetuptohelpsmallbusinessesprintqualitydocumentsfromacomputer.EarlierthisweekHewlett-PackardCo.announcedaplantodevelopnewtechnologiesthatwillenablepeopletoprintevenmoresotheycangetahardcopyofabusinessdocument,amedicalrecordorjustaone-linee-mail,eveniftheyarenowherenearacomputer.Asthecompanyseesit,themoreuseoftheInternetthegreaterdemandforprinters.Doesallthismeanenvironmentalconcerns(环境问题)havebeenforgotten?Someactivistssuggestpeoplehavebeenledtobelievethatalotofdangerstotheenvironmenthavegoneaway.Iguesspeoplebelievethattheproblemistakencareof,becauseofrecycling(回收利用),saidKellyQuirke,directoroftheRainforestActionNetworkinSanFrancisco.YetQuirkeishopefulthathigh-techmayalsoprovehelpful.Hesaysprintersthatprintonbothsidesaregrowinginpopularity.Theactiongrouphasalsofoundacceptablepapermadefrommaterialsotherthanwood,suchasagriculturalwaste.（2003年全国卷）④Thegrowingdemandforpaperinrecentyearsislargelydueto___________．A．therapiddevelopmentofsmallbusinessesB．theopeningupofnewmarketsC．theprintingofhighqualitycopiesD．theincreaseduseoftheInternet[分析]本文话题为办公用纸与环保，讲述了计算机与网络的发展并没有如人们先前所预料的那样帮助我们实现无纸化办公，相反地，随着打印技术的发展，用纸量日益增大．于是还得依靠科技，寻找双面打印与开拓农业废料提供造纸原料等出路了．文中涉及科技发展、生产需求与环保之间的关系，内涵十分深刻，平时“两耳不闻窗外事”的人是很难一下读明白的．本题考查对于文中提供的事实与线索进行逻辑推理的能力．近年来纸张用量增加的原因何在?第2段中做出解释：ItisdifficulttomeasurethequantityofpaperusedasaresultofuseofInternet-con-nectedcomputers，．．．whene-mailisintroduced，theprintersstartworkingovertime．．．Thegrowingdemandforpaper看来正是aresultofuseofInternet-connectedcomputers．本题答案为D．其余3个选项内容虽然也都在短文不同地方有所涉及，但均非题干所问纸张用量增长的直接原因，可逐一排除．中，C项干扰性最大，第3段中所提及的SeveralInternetcompanieshavebeensetuptohelpsmallbusinessesprintqualitydocumentsfromacomputer与选项C十分接近，因而对他们构成迷惑，这是因为考生没有能够认识到这一事实出现在本段中，只是为了说明howcomputerandInternetusepushesupdemandforpapercomesfromthehigh-techindustryitself，然而theprintingofhighqualitycopies本身并非纸张需求增长的原因．“阅读理解”解题过程中，需要在通篇理解大意的基础上找到与本题相关的线索，弄清各项事实之间的联系，辨别选项内容之间的细微差别，排除干扰，找准最佳答案．[答案]D⑤Environmentalistsbelieveonepossiblewayofdealingwiththepapersituationis_________．A．toencourageprintingmorequalitydocumentsB．todevelopnewprintersusingrecycledpaperC．tofindnewmaterialsformakingpaperD．toplantmorefast-growingtrees[分析]本题问及环保人士(environmentalists)对于用纸所引起的环保问题的解决途径所持看法．结尾段中谈到：Theactiongroup(=theenvironmentalists)hasalsofoundacceptablepapermadefrommaterialsotherthanwood，suchasagriculturalwaste，也就是本题选项中的C项tofindnewmaterialsformakingpa