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EuropeanLiteratureofthe18thCenturyTheAgeofEnlightenment启蒙运动contents•HistoricalContext•The18thCliterature(overview)概述•TheEnlightenmentMovement(FrenchphilosophyandLiterture)–Montesquieu孟德斯鸠–Voltaire伏尔泰–Rousseau卢梭–Diderot狄德罗•EnglishLiterature–Neoclassicism新古典主义–Theriseofthenovel•GermanLiterature:StormandStressMovement–Lessing莱辛–Goethe歌德–Schiller席勒HistoricalContext1234theEnlightenmentmovementtheAmericanCivilWar(1775)theFrenchRevolution(1789)theIndustrialRevolution(1760---1840)the18thCenturyLiterature•18thCenturyEuropecontinueditstrend趋向趋势ofneoclassicism,thenmovedtotheAgeofEnlightenmentandgraduallymovedtowardsRomanticism.•The18thcenturysawthedevelopmentofthemodernnovelasliterarygenre风格类型.•Subgenres亚种亚美分支ofthenovelduringthe18thcentury：theepistolarynovel书信体小说thesentimentalnovel伤感小说theGothicnovel哥特小说thecommonthemesofliterature•socialupheaval巨变•reversals逆转ofpersonalstatus•politicalsatire讽刺•geographicalexploration探测探究•thecomparison对比betweenthenaturalstateofmanandthecivilizedstateofman•TheEnlightenmentMovementdefinition定义•atermusedtodescribetheintellectualtrends•thatthepeopleofthisperiodbelievedthattheywereemerging摆脱fromcenturiesofdarknessandignoranceintoanewageenlightened被启发文明的开明的byreason,science,andarespectforhumanity.•Itisaresultofhumanconfidenceonhumanreasonandthemselves.•Itfurtherstrengthenedpeople’sbeliefinnaturallawsandtheirabilitytoknowtheuniversethroughreason.Ithastriggered引起…12TheUnitedKingdom’s“BillofRights”3TheAmerican“DeclarationofIndependence”TheFrench“DeclarationoftheRightsoftheManandoftheCitizen”facts•When:inthe2ndhalfofthe18thC,esp.beforetheFrenchRevolution•Where:inEuropeandNorthAmerica•Origin:inFrance•Emphasis:thepowerofhumanreasonthepowerofsciencerespectforhumanityforerunners•Locke•NewtonMaterialismBlankplategravitationIdeascomefromsensation感觉inscribedonmind.Theuniverseisgovernedbylawsthatcouldbeunderstoodbymind.雕刻题写Mainforce:FrenchPhilosophy•Montesquieu•Voltaire•Rousseau•Diderot•Theyarephilosophers,butarealsowriterswhoseworksrepresentthehighestachievementofFrenchEnlightenmentliterature.Montesquieu(1689-1755)•thefirstofthegreatFrenchwritersofEnlightenmentmovement•Majorworks:–PersianLetters(1721)《波斯人信札》–TheSpiritoftheLaws(1748)《法律的精神》PersianLetters•ThroughthedeviceofletterswrittentoandbytwoaristocraticPersiantravelersinEurope,hesatirizedcontemporary当时的Frenchpolitics,socialconditions,religiousmatters,andliterature.•ByitscriticismofFrenchmonarchy君主,ithelpedbringabouttheFrenchRevolution.TheSpiritofLaws•Heexaminedthethreemaintypesofgovernment：republic共和政体monarchy君主政体despotism独裁制•Theseparationofpowers分权学说•Heholdsthatgovernmentalpowersshouldbeseparatedandbalancedtoguaranteeindividualrightsandfreedom.•ItlaterbecameoneofthemostimportantprinciplesoftheU.S.constitution宪法.legislative立法Executive行政judicialconstitutional宪法的Voltaire(1694-1778)•oneofthecentralEnlightenmentfiguresinFrance•Majorworks:–ThePhilosophicalLetters《哲学书简》(1734)–Candide(1758)《查第格》Voltaire’sideas•Voltairebelievesthatliteratureshouldserveasavehicle工具交通工具forsocialchange.•Hiswritingsdemonstrate展示hisaversion厌恶toChristianity,intolerance,andtyranny暴政专横/monarchy.•HeopposesRousseau’sattackoncivilizationandbelievesanaturalmanshouldbeeducatedandbecomecivilized.•Hecallsforpolitical,religiousandphilosophicfreedomandsocialprogress.FamousquoteIdisapprove不赞成ofwhatyousay,butIwilldefendtothedeathyourrighttosayit.Rousseau(1712---1778)•oneofthemosteloquent雄辩有说服力writersoftheAgeofEnlightenment•HiswritingshadagreatinfluenceontheleadersoftheFrenchRevolutionandRomanticism.Majorworks•TheOriginofHumanInequality(1755)《论人类不平等的根源》•TheNewHeloise(1761)《新爱洛伊丝》•Emile，orOnEducation（1762）《爱弥儿》•TheSocialContract（1762）《社会契约论》•TheConfessions（1764---1770)《忏悔录》ideas•Heglorifies赞美humannatureandattackssocialinequality.•Hefavorsatheoryofsocialcontractasthekeytohumanfreedom.Glorificationofhumannature•InDiscourse演说ontheOriginandFoundationofInequalityamongMankind,hearguesthat–thesocialorderofcivilizedsocietyintroducesinequalityandunhappiness.Thissocialorderrestsuponprivateproperty.–science,art,andsocialinstitutions制度havecorrupted使毁坏使堕落mankindandthatthenatural,orprimitive原始的stateismorally确实superior优胜者tothecivilizedstate.•HisviewrunscontrarytoVoltaire’sandtheybecamebitterenemies.FamousquotesManisbornfree,andeverywhereheisinchains.Naturemademenhappyandgood，butsocietymakeshimevilandmiserable.TheSocialContract(1762)•Hismostimportantwork.•Hebelievedthatasocialcontractisestablishedwheneachindividualgiveshisrightstoageneral综合的大体的will---theyareequalparticipantsinsociallife.Hecanregainhisnaturalfreedomwiththiscontract.Diderot(1713---1784)•theeditorofEncyclopedia百科全书(1571)•anadvocate支持者提倡者ofatheism无神论EnglishliteratureGeneralintroduction•theAugustanage奥古斯都时代的:Satiricalverse诗篇andessays–AlexanderPope亚历山大–JonathanSwift乔纳森•theRiseoftheNovel–DanielDefoe丹尼尔·笛福–JonathanSwift–SamuelRichardson塞缪尔·理查森–HenryFielding亨利–SamuelJohnson•Thetransition过度fromEnlightenmenttoRomanticism–RobertBurnstheAugustanage(theneoclassicalperiod)•Itreferstothereign统治ofQueenAnne安妮(1665-1714)inearly18th-CEngland.•themajorliteraryfigure