选修课1(词汇)

第一讲：词汇词汇在语言学习中占十分重要的地位。英语的词按照词义、词形特征和句法功能，通常分为十类：词类英语名称（缩写）作用例词名词Noun(n.)表示名词、数次等bus,airplane代词Pronoun(pron.)代替名词、数词等she,nothing数词Numeral(num)表示数目或顺序two,second冠词Article(art.)表示限定名词a,an,the动词Verb(v.)表示动作或状态work,use词类英语名称（缩写）作用例词形容词Adjective(a./adj.)表示人或事物的特征red,beautiful副词Adverb(adv.)表示动作或性状的特征very,out介词Preposition(prep.)用在名词之前或代词等之间，in说明它与别的词之间的关系on，at连词Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词、and,both…and短语或句子neither…nor感叹词Interjection(int.)表示说话时的感情或语气oh,ah名词在句中多用来作主语、宾语、表语和定语。在英语应用能力考试中，要求考生根据题意把括号里所给的词变成名词，所填词多出现在句尾或句首：①前有物主代词如my,his，their,our,your,its等；②前有冠词如a,an,the；③前有形容词如large，clever，foolish等；④前有冠词＋形容词如thatancient，theclever等；⑤前有不定代词many,much,afew，alittle，several等。形容词通常用在系动词后作表语，或用在名词前作定语。SectionB中，主要考查以下几个方面：1．系表结构中形容词作表语。2．名词前形容词作定语。3．如果括号内给出形容词，考查比较级、最高级形式。考试中常见句型：(l)bevery（形容词）(2)a/an/the（形容词）名词(3)very/too/many/rather（形容词）(4)（形容词）名词副词分为时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词。《基本要求》中对副词主要考查以下几点：1．副词的句法功能；2．带ly和不带ly的副词；3．副词的位置；4．副词的比较级和最高级。这些考查项目主要出现在SectionB中，括号内给出名词、形容词或动词（几率非常低），要求考生将它们改为副词。若本身是副词，要使用比较级或最高级。其中较难的是给出名词，先转换成形容词，再变为副词这一类题。考试中常见句型Examples：1.be+（副词）＋形容词Hehasbeenextremelybusythesedays．2.动词＋副词Everythingwentsmoothly．3.动词＋宾语＋副词Shedidn’tdoitintentionally.4.主语＋副词＋动词Shesuddenlyfellill.5.副词，＋句子Luckily,Peterwasthere.6.副词＋副词Heworksterriblyhard.动词构成与转换1.–enshorten,fasten,brighten,lighten,strengthen,widen,deepen,broadenStrong(adj.)-strength(n.)-strengthen(v.)名词构成与转换1.特殊变法Livev.生活——lifen.生命Speakv.说——speechn.讲演Choosev.选择——choicen.选择Foodn.食物——feedv.喂Talen.故事——tellv.讲Sellv.卖——salen.卖Bathn.洗澡——bathev.洗澡Singv.唱歌——songn.歌曲Losev.失掉——lossn.损失Advisev.劝告——advicen.忠告2.构成名词的后缀(1)-a/tionexplanation.,education,attention,action,operation,invitation,pollution,preparation,consideration,translation,information,satisfaction,suggestion,collection(2)-siondecision,impression,expression,permission,procession，division(3)-mentmovement,government,development,judgment,advertisement,punishment,improvement,management,encouragement(4)-nessgoodness,darkness,happiness,sicknesscarefulness,weakness,kindness,sadnessgreatness,clearness(5)-encedifference,dependence,independence,confidence(6)-ityreality,activity,ability,quality,nationality(7)-thtruth,strength,warmth,length,growth,depth(8)-ingfeeling,painting,training,meaning,findingwedding,farming,understanding,misunderstanding(9)-shipfriendship,membership,relationship,hardship,ownership指人：(10)-ersinger,driver,traveler,computer,readerlearner,writer,speaker,recorder,worker,designer(11)-orinventor,actor,visitor,monitor,sailor,editor(12)-istartist,socialist,pianist,journalist,typist形容词构成与转换1.-fulcareful,helpful,useful,powerful,wonderful,hopeful,beautiful2.-yhealthy,funny,dirty,easy,windy,rainy,snowy,noisy,worthy,hungry3.-s/tiveactive,attractive,expensive,effective,creative4.-ousdangerous,poisonous,continuous,various，curious，anxious5.-alpersonal,national,electrical,natural,medical,cultural6.-lyfriendly,costly,lively,lovely,daily,weekly,yearly7.-lesscareless,hopeless,helpless,rainless,harmless副词构成与转换1.-lyclearly,easily,happily,finally,quickly,suddenly,beautifully,greatly,safely,slowly,simply,lately,busily,excitedly,finally,immediately2.-ward/supwards,downwards,westward,backward形容词原级、比较级、最高级形容词比较级、最高级一、形容词比较等级的规则变化（附表）构成方式原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般词尾加-er或-esttalllongclevertallerlongercleverertallestlongestcleverest字母e结尾的-r或-stfinebravenicefinerbravernicerfinestbravestnicest重读闭音节词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写辅音字母，再加-er或-estbigthinhotbiggerthinnerhotterbiggestthinnesthottest辅音字母+y结尾，先变“y”为“i”，再加-er或-esteasyearlyhappyeasierearlierhappiereasiestearliesthappiest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostimportantessentialpopularcarefulmoreimportantmoreessentialmorepopularmorecarefulmostimportantmostessentialmostpopularmostcareful二、形容词比较等级的不规则变化（附表）原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/illworseworstoldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest形容词用法情况句型结构例句原级表示两者同等程度as+原级+asHeisjustasstrongasI(am).Thisball-penisasgoodasthatone.Heisashandsomeashisfather.表示两者程度不同notas+原级+asnotso+原级+asThestoryisnotasinterestingasthatone.ThepriceofthishotelisnotsohighasthatofBeijingHotel.表示两者倍数关系倍数+as+原级+asTheroomisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.Istudytwiceashardasyou.情况句型结构例句比较级用于两者比较比较级+thanThesunisbiggerthantheearth.SheisyoungerthanI.Therearemorestudentsinourclassthaninyourclass.用于两者比较程度状语+比较级+thanHeworksmuchharderthanyoudo.MybrotherismucholderthanI.指“越来越…”比较级+and+比较级Theweatherisgettingwarmerandwarmer.I’mgettingfatterandfatter.Iambecomingmoreandmoreinterestedinthebook.指“越…,就越…”the+比较级…,the+比较级…Theharderheworks,themoreprogresshewillmake.Thesooner,thebetter.情况句型结构例句最高级三者（以上）中之最the+最高级+of+个体名词Heisthethinnestofthefourbrothers.集体中之最the+最高级+in+集体名词Whoisthebeststudentinyourclass?Mybrotheristhecleverestoneinmyfamily.表示“最……的之一”oneof+the+最高级+复数名词Thisoneisoneoftheeasiestquestionsinthistext.ShanghaiisoneofthemostbeautifulcitiesinChina.1.Theboyrunsalmostas_____(quick)ashisteacher.2.Ihadafeelingof______(satisfy)whentheworkisfinished.3.Hishonestyandwillingnesstoworkarethe______(found)ofhissuccess.4.Hethoughthewouldbealonealltheday