定语从句及练习

学习必备欢迎下载高中英语语法解析---定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。一、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who,whom,whose,which,that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。A．who指人，在定语从句中作主语。Whatwasthenameofthemanwholentyouthemoney./Hewholaughslstlaughsbest./Thechairmanofthemeeting,whospokefirst,satonmyright.B．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。Therearesomepeople(whom/who)welikeandothers(whom/who)wedislike./MrCarter,whomIspoketoonthephonelastnight,isveryinterestedinorplan.（非限制性定语从句中不能用who代替whom）/Twomen,neitherofwhomIhadeverseenbefore,cameintomyoffice.（在介词后面不用who）C．whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。Therearesomepeoplewhosefacesyoucanneverforget./Isawsometreeswhoseleaveswereblackbecauseofthepollutedair.D．which1．指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。Englishisalanguagewhichiseasytolearn.（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）Thisisafolksongwhichisnowverypopular.（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）TheriverwhichflowsthroughLondonistheThames.（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）Thechildrenlikecookies(which)mywifemakes.(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可省略)2．which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于andthis。Jimpassedhisdrivingtest,whichsurprisedeverybody.（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是thedrivingtest）Sheilacouldn'tcometotheparty,whichwasapity.（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是theparty）3．which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。Johnstayedhereforaweek,duringwhichtimewevisitedtheWestLaketogether./Itmightsnowthisweekend,inwhichcasewewon'tgotoBeijing.E．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。Heisthemanthatlivesnextdoor.（定语从句修饰先行词theman，作主语）Idon'tlikestoriesthathaveunhappyendings.（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语）Thedress(that)Annboughtdoesn'tfitherverywell.（定语从句修饰先行词thedress，that作宾语可省略）Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou.（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略）提示：在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或介词+which结构。学习必备欢迎下载Welefttheday(that)hearrived.（that替when）/Hedoesn'tseethingstheway(that)weseethem.（that代替inwhich）/Imaginethespeed(that)hedriveshiscar!（that代替atwhich）F．其他关系代词as和but也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。1．asas可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。①在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由such,so,thesame修饰的先行词之后。Suchmenasheardhimweredeeplymoved.（as在定语从句中作heard的主语）I'veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.（as在定语从句中作tell的宾语）Heliftedsoheavyastoneasnooneelsecanlift.（as在定语从句中lift的宾语）比较：在thesameas结构中，as也可用that代替。但严格地说，thesameas强调相同，thesamethat注重同一。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.（as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物）SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.（that指的是与先行词同一事物）②在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。Aseveryoneknows,TaiwanbelongstoChina./Heisfromtheouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.必背：一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。asisknowntoall这是众所周知的ashasbeensaidbefore如前所说asisoftenthecase情况常常如此asmaybeimagined这可以想象得出ashasbeenpointedout正如已经指出的那样asoftenhappens这种情况常常发生2．butbut作关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句连用，相当于thatnot,whonot或whichnot。Thereisnotasinglestudentinmyclassbutwouldliketostudymore.（but=whonot）Thereareveryfewbutareagainstwar.（but=whonot）G．介词+关系代词引导的定语从句介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。1.介词+关系代词中介词的位置关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that,who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。Heisamanofrichexperience,fromwhommuchcanbelearned.=Heisamanofrichexperience,whommuchcanbelearnedfrom./Theschoolinwhichheonceworkedisakeyschool.=Theschool(whichthat)heonceworkedinisakeyschool./ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.=ThemanagerwhosecompanyI'mworkinginpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.2．介词+关系代词的常见结构①介词+which/whomThisisthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked./Fortunatelywehadamap,withoutwhichwewouldhavegotlost.②名词+of+which/whomPleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhichisblue.（也可用whosecover）③数词+o+which/whomShe'sgotthreeluckypens,twoofwhichsheneveruses./Inourschoolthereareabout200teachers,thirtypercentofwhomarewomen.④代词+of+which/whom学习必备欢迎下载InthebasketIfindmanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad./Therearefiftystudentsinourclass,mostofwhomarefrombigcities./Normanwon$50,000,halfofwhichhegavetohisparents./Tomtriedonthreeshirt,noneofwhichhewassatisfiedwith.⑤最高级+of+which/whomChinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.⑥介词+which+名词Heusuallyreturnshomeatten,atwhichhourhisfatherlocksallthedoorsandwindows./Hiswifegotseriouslyill,inwhichcasehehadtogiveupthechanceofgoingabroad.3．关系代词前介词的选择在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。①根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。ThetwothingsofwhichtheyfeltproudwereJim'swatchandDella'shair.（feelproudof是固定搭配词组）Inthedarkstreettherewasnotasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.（turntosb.forhelp是固定搭配词组）②根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。I'llneverforgettheayonwhichIfirstmethim.(theday前面一般用介词on)Canyouimagineapropersituationinwhichtheexpressioncanbeused.(asituation前面一般用in)③有时须同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。Galileomadeatelescopethroughwhichhecouldtudythesky.(studytheskythroughthetelescope)Isthatthehouseinwhichyouoncelived.(liveinthehouse)④根据所要表达的意思来确定。Thisismypairofglasses,withoutwhichIcannotseeclearly.注意：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。I,whoamyourbestfriend,willdoallthatIcantohelpyou./Thefamily,whoarefondofmusic,gototheconcertonceamonth./HeisoneoftheboysinourclasswhospeakEnglishwell.（oneof+复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语