沼气工程热量衡算一.沼气工程需热量计算1.罐体总热损值根据我国的年平均温度,将沼气工程按照东北(0℃)、北方(10℃)、南方(15℃)三个地区考虑。厌氧罐容积(m3)东北(0℃)北方(10℃)南方(15℃)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)30031.211.41.3722.38.10.9817.86.50.7850045.316.51.9832.311.81.4125.99.51.1380062.222.72.7244.416.21.9435.513.01.55100071.726.23.1451.218.72.244115.01.80120081.829.93.5858.421.32.5646.717.02.05150089.232.63.9163.723.32.795118.62.232000114.341.75.0181.629.83.5765.323.82.86(1)厌氧罐罐体的理论热损失值Q1见表1:注:散煤的热值6000kcal/kg,按锅炉实际热效率53%计算,得到煤的热值为6000*4.178*0.53=13280kJ/kg;散煤价格1200元/吨。(2)由于实际安装过程对保温性能有影响,实际热损失考虑1.6的误差因子,则厌氧罐实际的热损失值见表2:厌氧罐容积(m3)东北(0℃)北方(10℃)南方(15℃)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)30049.918.22.1935.713.01.5628.510.41.2550072.526.53.1751.718.92.2641.415.11.8280099.536.34.3671.025.93.1156.820.72.491000114.741.95.0281.929.93.5965.623.92.871200130.947.85.7393.434.14.0974.727.33.271500142.752.16.25101.937.24.4681.629.83.572000182.966.88.01130.647.75.72104.538.14.582.物料加热所需热量公式:Q=Cm△t式中:C=4.2KJ/kg*℃;m为需要加热的物料量;△t为物料升高的温度。进料温度东北按照平均6度计算,北方按照10度计算,南方按照15度计算,对不同地区,不同规模的沼气工程,原料升温至35℃,物料加热所需热量Q2列于表3:厌氧罐容积(m3)每天进料量(t)东北(0℃)北方(10℃)南方(15℃)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)30015137.550.26.02118.643.35.1994.934.64.1650025229.383.710.04197.772.28.66158.157.76.9280040366.9133.916.07316.3115.413.85253.192.411.09100050458.6167.420.08395.3144.317.31316.3115.413.85120060550.3200.824.10474.4173.220.78379.5138.516.62150075687.9251.130.13593216.425.97474.4173.220.782000100917.1334.740.17790.7288.634.63632.5230.927.73.厌氧罐所需热量厌氧罐所需热量Q=Q1+Q2+Q3-Q4Q1——反应罐总热损失;Q2——原料升温所需热量;Q3——反应罐内水分蒸发带走的热量;Q4——厌氧反应放出的热量。反应罐内水分蒸发带走的热量Q3和厌氧发酵产生的热量Q4,两者都很小,并且相互抵消,可忽略不计。厌氧罐容积(m3)东北(0℃)北方(10℃)南方(15℃)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)每天耗煤(kg)每年耗煤量(t)每年燃煤费(万)300187.468.48.21154.356.36.75123.4455.41500301.8110.213.21249.491.110.92199.572.88.74800466.4170.220.43387.3141.316.96309.9113.113.581000573.3209.325.10477.2174.220.9381.9139.316.721200681.2248.629.83567.8207.324.87454.2165.819.891500830.6303.236.38694.9253.630.4355620324.3520001100.0401.548.18921.3336.340.3573726932.28则厌氧罐所需的总热量Q见表4:二.产值和能耗拐点的计算1.拐点定义产能:沼气工程产生的沼气产值。(即收入)耗能:加热原料所需的费用。(即支出)拐点:当产能与耗能相等时,可以看做拐点,随着沼气工程规模的增大,“耗能/产能”比(即支出/收入比)逐渐增小。说明:(1)拐点计算周期为1年;(2)东北地区、北方地区、南方地区耗能差别较大,需分别计算;(3)调粪水温度不同,耗煤量差别也较大;(4)耗能分燃煤锅炉、燃气锅炉、发电余热回收三种情况;(5)1000m3以上的沼气工程,考虑发电余热回收;(6)发酵温度按35℃计算,产气率按0.8计算,CSTR工艺停留时间按20天计算;2.沼气工程产值不同规模的沼气工程,所产生沼气产值列于表5:厌氧罐容积(m3)一天产生的沼气量(m3)一年产生的沼气量(m3)一年所产沼气燃烧可提供的热量(KJ)一年产生的沼气产值(万元)30024087600110113200013.1500400146000183522000021.9800640233600293635200035.01000800292000367044000043.81200960350400440452800052.615001200438000550566000065.720001600584000734088000087.6说明:沼气价格1.5元/m3;沼气热值根据标准沼气(CH4含60%)的热值2182OKJ/m3计算。计算过程中,沼气锅炉热效率取80%;考虑热水在循环过程中的热损失等,参照燃煤锅炉,取0.72的校正因子。则沼气可以提供的热值为:2182OKJ/m3*0.8*0.72=12570KJ/m3。3.燃煤锅炉拐点(1)假设煤的价钱为1200元/吨,则支出/收入比见表6:厌氧罐容积(m3)一年产生的沼气产值(万元)东北(0℃)北方(10℃)南方(15℃)每年燃煤费(万)耗能/产能比值每年燃煤费(万)耗能/产能比值每年燃煤费(万)耗能/产能比值30013.18.210.6276.750.5155.410.41350021.913.210.60310.920.4998.740.3998003520.430.58416.960.48513.580.388100043.825.100.57320.900.47716.720.382120052.629.830.56724.870.47319.890.378150065.736.380.55430.430.46324.350.371200087.648.180.55040.350.46132.280.368(2)假设煤的价钱为1000元/吨,则支出/收入比见表7:(3)假设煤的价钱为800元/吨,则支出/收入比见表8:厌氧罐容积(m3)一年产生的沼气产值(万元)东北(0℃)北方(10℃)南方(15℃)每年燃煤费(万)耗能/产能比值每年燃煤费(万)耗能/产能比值每年燃煤费(万)耗能/产能比值30013.15.470.4184.690.3583.760.28750021.98.820.4037.580.3466.070.2778003513.620.38911.780.3379.430.269厌氧罐容积(m3)一年产生的沼气产值(万元)东北(0℃)北方(10℃)南方(15℃)每年燃煤费(万)耗能/产能比值每年燃煤费(万)耗能/产能比值每年燃煤费(万)耗能/产能比值30013.16.840.5225.630.4304.510.34450021.911.020.5039.10.4167.280.3338003517.020.48614.130.40411.320.323100043.820.930.47817.420.39813.930.318120052.624.860.47320.730.39416.580.315150065.730.320.46125.360.38620.290.309200087.640.150.45833.630.38426.90.307100043.816.740.38214.520.33211.610.265120052.619.890.37817.280.32913.820.263150065.724.260.36921.130.32216.910.257200087.632.120.36728.030.32022.420.256从表中数据对比可以看出,随着燃煤价格的上涨,燃煤锅炉的运行费用已经成为制约沼气工程的关键因素。4.沼气锅炉拐点不同地区、不同规模的沼气工程,通过沼气锅炉提供热量,则需要的沼气量和支出/收入比见下表:(1)东北(0℃)表9:厌氧罐容积(m3)一天产生的沼气量(m3)每天耗煤(kg)需要热量(kJ/天)每天所需沼气量(m3)耗能/产能比(沼气量比)300240187.424886721980.825500400301.840079043190.797800640466.461937924930.7701000800573.376134246060.7571200960681.290463367200.75015001200830.6110303688780.7312000160011001460800011620.727(2)北方(10℃)表10:厌氧罐容积(m3)一天产生的沼气量(m3)每天耗煤(kg)需要热量(kJ/天)每天所需沼气量(m3)耗能/产能比(沼气量比)300240154.320491041630.679500400249.433120322630.659800640387.351433444090.6391000800477.263372165040.6301200960567.875403846000.62515001200694.992282727340.61220001600921.3122348649730.608(3)南方(15℃)表11:厌氧罐容积(m3)一天产生的沼气量(m3)每天耗煤(kg)需要热量(kJ/天)每天所需沼气量(m3)耗能/产能比(沼气量比)300240123.416387521300.543500400199.526493602110.527800640309.941154723270.5121000800381.950716324030.5041200960454.260317764800.5001500120055673836805870.4902000160073797873607790.4875.沼气发电机的余热满足率和经济效率(1)余热满足率发电机组消耗燃料的能量只有约30-35%被发电机组转化为电能,有55%以上的热量成为余热。发电机余热一般是从尾气及循环冷却水中回收余热,国外对余热的回收率已经达到80%以上,相当于总能量的44%以上。发电余热考虑到传热过程中的热损失,被物料所吸收的热量按总能量的27%计算。工