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CognitivePsychology,Chapter1Chapter1:IntroductiontoCognitivePsychologyCognitivePsychology,Chapter11.CognitivePsychologyIs…•Concernedwithhowweacquire,transform,represent,store,andretrieveknowledge,andhowthatknowledgedirectswhatweattendtoandhowwerespond.CognitivePsychology,Chapter12.Thehistoryofcognitivepsychology•PhilosophicalRoots•Periodofenlightment•TheRiseandFallofBehaviorism•ImportanttoCognitivePsychologyCognitivePsychology,Chapter1NativistsKnowledgeisbasedoninnatecharacteristicsEmpiricistKnowledgecomesfromexperiencesPhilosophicalRootsCognitivePsychology,Chapter1NativistsEmpiricismSynthesis:BothhavearoleCognitivePsychology,Chapter1Structuralism(Titchener)“Elements”Functionalism(James)“Process”Synthesis:Associationism(Ebbinghaus&Thorndike)CognitivePsychology,Chapter1Periodofenlightment•Fechner•Helmholtz•Ebbinghaus•Galton•Wundt•WilliamJamesCognitivePsychology,Chapter1TheRiseandFallofBehaviorism–Goalofpsychology•Tostudyobservablebehavior•stimulus-responseaccount•Anyhypothesesaboutinternalthoughtsandwaysofthinkingarenothingmorethanspeculation–Proponents•JohnWatson,B.F.SkinnerCognitivePsychology,Chapter1BehaviorismDominateduntil….LessradicalBehavioristCognitiveMap(Tolman)CognitivePsychology,Chapter1•FrederickBartlett1932,RememberingCognitivePsychology,Chapter1ImportanttoCognitivePsychology•1950’sDevelopmentofComputers•Georgepublished“Themagicalnumberseven,plusorminustwo”•Acognitiverevolution”occurredandincreasedinterestinthestudyofmentalprocesses(cognitions)CognitivePsychology,Chapter13.Principalresearchareasofcognitivepsychology•Cognitiveneurocience•sensation/perception•Patternrecognition•Attention•Consciousness•Memory•Representationofknowledge•Imagery•Language•Cognitivedevelopment•Thinkingandconceptformation•HumanandartificialintelligenceCognitivePsychology,Chapter1?Inwhatwayscomputerslikeabrain?Inwhatwaysaretheyunlikeeachother?CognitivePsychology,Chapter1TheTuringTestCognitivePsychology,Chapter14.ResearchMethods•psychophysics•Single-cellstudies•Reaction-timestudies•Primingstudies•Eye-trackingstudies•lateralizationstudies•Casestudies•ImagingstudiesCognitivePsychology,Chapter1ERP原理及提取技术•活的人脑总会不断放电，称为脑电（EEG），但成分复杂而不规则。正常的自发脑电一般处于几微伏到75微伏之间。而由心理活动所引起的脑电比自发脑电更弱，一般只有2到10微伏，通常淹埋在自发电位中。所以ERP需要从EEG中提取。CognitivePsychology,Chapter1ERP的两个重要特征•事件相关脑电有两个重要特性：潜伏期恒定、波形恒定；与此相对，自发脑电则是随机变化的。所以，可以将同一事实多次引起的多段脑电记录下来，但每一段脑电都是各种成分的综合，包括自发脑电（噪音）。CognitivePsychology,Chapter1叠加技术•将由相同刺激引起的多段脑电进行多次叠加，由于自发脑电或噪音是随机变化，有高有低，相互叠加时就出现正负抵消的情况，而ERP信号则有两个恒定，所以不会被抵消，反而其波幅会不断增加，当叠加到一定次数时，ERP信号就显现出来了。CognitivePsychology,Chapter1ERP分段叠加显示图CognitivePsychology,Chapter1ERP信号的优势与缺点•ERP是刺激事件引起的实时脑电波，在时间精度可达到微秒级。极高的时间分辨率是ERP的主要优势，ERP也可以和行为数据，特别是反应时间（RT）很好地配合，以研究认知加工过程的规律。•CognitivePsychology,Chapter1•ERP的主要弱点在于低的空间分辨率，ERP在空间上只能达到厘米级。另外，ERP只能采用数学推导来实现脑电的源定位，比如偶极子，这种方法的可靠性也是有限的。CognitivePsychology,Chapter1功能磁共振成像，功能成像functionalMagneticResonanceImaging(fMRI),检测脑局部神经元活动引起的血流速度，体积或耗氧量变化血氧水平依赖的功能磁共振技术BOLD-fMRICognitivePsychology,Chapter1脱氧/含氧血红蛋白含量变化BOLD通过测量神经元活动引起的的血氧反应间接测量脑活动神经元放电-代谢需要能量-输入氧-含氧血红蛋白增多-引发信号增强CognitivePsychology,Chapter1各种技术的比较1.时间分辨率•fMRI永远不能达到像EEG，ERP那样高的毫秒级的时间分辨率。CognitivePsychology,Chapter12.空间分辨率•fMRI可以获得较高的空间分辨率。•EEG，ERP的空间分辨率不如fMRICognitivePsychology,Chapter1CognitivePsychologyExams•TheNobelprizewinnersHubelandWeiselobservedthatspecificneuronsinthecat'svisualsystemrespondedtoparticularvisualinputs.Thisisoftentakenasevidencefor:A）DistinctwhatandwheresystemsB）Top-downprocessingC）VisualfeaturedetectorsD）ObjecttemplatedetectorsCognitivePsychology,Chapter1•Oneimportantdifferencebetweenclassicalbehaviorismandcognitivepsychologyisthatcognitivepsychology:A)insistsonstudyingtopicsthatcanbedirectlyandobjectivelyobserved.B)arguesthatunobservablementalstatescanbescientificallystudied.C)emphasizestheevolutionaryrootsofourbehavior.D)rejectstheuseofhumanparticipants.CognitivePsychology,Chapter1WhichofthefollowingtechniquesusestheBOLD(bloodoxygenleveldependent)response?A)ERPB)fMRIC)MEGD)CATCognitivePsychology,Chapter1WhatistheTuringTestsupposedtodo?A)determinehowlongsomecognitiveprocesstakesB)determinewhethersomecognitiveprocessisconsciousorunconsciousC)tellyouwhetherornotacomputerisconsciousD)determinewhethersomeonecandistinguishthebehaviorofacomputerfromthebehaviorofaperson